China-EU Two-level Cooperation and Challenges on Public Health during the COVID-19

International public health cooperation has always been one of the typical issues of bilateral and multilateral diplomatic ties in the international community. As two important actors in the international community, China and the EU have worked on many transnational public health cooperation projects. The two-level division of the EU's foreign policy competence decided the Cooperation and Challenges on Public Health between China-EU. Cooperation with the EU member states is expanding, the cooperation with the level of the EU started to show up. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, both China and the EU have publicly expressed their support for WHO's anti-pandemic measures. China has actively provided public health aid to Central and Eastern European countries and shared the Anti-COVID-19 experience. In this article, the author reviewed the progress and mechanism of China-EU public health cooperation, discussed how China and the EU have jointly dealt with the pandemic by sharing experience, providing aids, strengthening multilateralism and international cooperation, and building a community with a healthy future for humankind since the outbreak of COVID-19. Facing the COVID-19，China-EU health cooperation should be further strengthened to show the importance of a community with a shared future for humanity.

Regionalismos e Cooperação em Saúde: a experiência da Unasul | Regionalism and Health Cooperation: the Unasur experience

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a Unasul-saúde visando compreender suas características, seu legado e os elementos que a diferenciam de outras experiências regionais de cooperação no âmbito da saúde. A partir de uma pesquisa qualitativa, nosso trabalho evidencia que, no marco do regionalismo pós-liberal, a Unasul aprofundou a cooperação política e social e adotou uma perspectiva baseada na promoção do desenvolvimento, da autonomia e da soberania regional. Apesar de diversas limitações, este enfoque permitiu que a Unasul-saúde fosse além das experiências prévias para se tornar o exemplo de cooperação e diplomacia da saúde mais avançado a nível regional.Palavras-chave: Regionalismos, saúde, Unasul. ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper is to analyze the Unasur-health in order to understand its characteristics, its legacy and the elements that differentiate it from other regional experiences of cooperation in health. Based on qualitative research, our work shows that, within the framework of post-liberal regionalism, Unasur has deepened political and social cooperation and adopted a perspective based on the promotion of development, autonomy, and regional sovereignty. Despite several limitations, this approach allowed Unasur-health to go beyond previous experiences to become the most advanced example of health cooperation and diplomacy at the regional level.Keywords: regionalism, health, Unasul. Recebido em: 20 abr. 2021 | Aceito em: 22 set. 2021.

INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COOPERATION: THE GRAVE NEGLECT OF GLOBAL HEALTH COOPERATION & THE RISE SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME - COVID19 PANDEMIC CASE STUDY

International relations is truly the manner in which inter-state interactions take place, the behaviour by which they concern each other with issues that touch economic performance, political alignments and social cultural relations. However, it is more than that. In order to clearly understand these inter-state relations, one must truly look at the state cooperation or lack thereof. This paper sets the scene for the concept of global health by identifying the link between the concept and international relations. The insight into the need of health impact assessment is reviewed in the international relations where the key assumption is that issues of global health are ignored in international relations. There is hence the review of impact that the incorporation of global health issues can have in international diplomacy. The aim of this study is to stress the great amount of negligence that exists within the world of International cooperation in the field of Global Health. Global health cooperation is more important than ever. The International response to Covid-19 pandemic, as well as the lack of transparency within Global Cooperation, and interstate relations were examined in this study. The clear observation of military expenditure rises, and the extreme lack of financial redirection against states during times COVID-19 is seen. The lack of compassion from governmental and medical institutions in vulnerable states is also demonstrated. This research was undertaken in a form of Case studies in order to demonstrate the real time results and impacts on often quickly dismissed states. 3 One conclusion is the unpreparedness in terms of response in many countries it suggested the need for improved International Health Regulations. Governmental efforts, alongside community based initiatives and contributions towards health care maintenance have been taken into consideration. The issue lies in the neglect of other aspects of Health especially in times of crises. In my view, the term “Global Health” is widely misunderstood and misrepresented. The context within Global Health may arise from different political backgrounds and focused on different disciplinary principles. It requires a certain capability to deal with heterogeneous ideas in macro, micro, and behavioral economics sociology, political science, international affairs, and public policy. Global health will necessitate moving beyond simple health advocacy in order to be fully comprehended. By contrasting different state responses to COVID-19 outbreaks, in hopes to prevent spreading, setting a precedent for populations, health managers, and leaders around the world on how to plan for, track, and respond to possible outbreaks. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) were used to compare outbreak preparedness and management strategies for this report.

Enhancing Regional Health Cooperation under CAREC 2030: A Scoping Study

В этом исследовании изучается потенциал и возможности для продвижения регионального сотрудничества в секторе здравоохранения как операционного приоритета Стратегии Центральноазиатского регионального экономического сотрудничества (ЦАРЭС) до 2030 года.

Senegal Health System Analysis and Its Implications to Global Health Cooperation

As an active participant of global health cooperation in west Africa, the Republic of Senegal is one of the major recipients of international development assistance. Yet, funding and actions from different donors and implementing organizations are fragmented, which is one of the reasons that Senegal is failing to outstand its health performance disproportionally. This report provides an overview of Senegal’s population health status and health system performance and pinpoint areas that should be prioritized for focused global health assistance. Undernutrition and neonatal disorders were found to have posed the highest and most urgent risks on the public health of Senegal. This is intensified by the severe shortage of health human resources, vast disparity of resources between rural and urban areas, and unsatisfactory health financing mechanism. Based on the situation analysis of Senegal’s population health and health system, this report recommends (1) the Senegal MSAS to take the lead of integrating and coordinating public, private, and international health programs to reduce fragmentation with a focus on financing rural health human resources; (2) to research the root causes of undernutrition and neonatal disorders in Senegal and construct nutrition and maternal health interventions based on evidence generated; and (3) to conduct continued training of doctors, nurses, midwives, community health workers with strong focus in Kedougou and Kolda.

Los efectos de la Covid-19 en las residencias de mayores

LABURPENA: COVID-19ak ekarri duen osasun-larrialdiak edo -krisiak erakutsi digu gure gizarte- eta osasun-ereduak badituela -bere-bereak gainera- hutsune larri batzuk. Garbi geratu da lankidetza soziosanitarioko mekanismo berriak birformulatu behar direla, berehala. Testuinguru konplexu horretan, pandemiaren ondorio handienak adinekoen egoitzetan nabaritu dira bereziki. Zentro horiei dagokienez, osasun-krisiak agerian utzi du egoitzak medikalizatzeko ahalegina egin dela baina ahalegin horrek porrot egin duela; eta erakutsi du orobat pazienteak lehenesteko sistema eztabaidagarri batean oinarritu dela osasun-arreta. Zentro horietan izandako ondorio kezkagarriak ikusita, badira gai juridiko eta bioetiko batzuk premiaz tratatu beharrekoak; derrigor mahaigaineratu behar dira. ABSTRACT: The health emergency crisis caused by COVID-19 has revealed the serious deficiencies in our social and health model, confirming the urgent need to reformulate new mechanisms for socio-health cooperation. In this complex context, the main effects of the pandemic have been felt with special intensity in nursing homes. In relation to these centers, the health crisis has revealed a failed attempt to medicalize nursing homes, and a health care based on a questionable patient prioritization system. The worrying consequences suffered in these centers make it necessary to raise some pressing legal and bioethical questions. RESUMEN: La crisis de emergencia sanitaria ocasionada por la COVID-19 ha confirmado las graves deficiencias que caracterizan a nuestro modelo social y sanitario, constatando la urgente necesidad de reformular nuevos mecanismos de cooperación socio-sanitaria. En este complejo contexto, los principales efectos de la pandemia se han hecho notar con especial intensidad en las residencias de mayores. En lo referente a estos centros, la crisis sanitaria ha dejado en evidencia un fracasado intento de medicalización de las residencias, y una atención sanitaria basada en un cuestionable sistema de priorización de pacientes. Las preocupantes consecuencias sufridas en estos centros obligan a plantear algunas cuestiones jurídicas y bioéticas de apremiante tratamiento.