Salmonella adapts to plants and their environment during colonization of tomatoes

ABSTRACT Humans and animals are considered typical hosts for Salmonella, however, also plants can be colonized. Tomatoes were linked to salmonellosis outbreaks already on several occasions. The aim of this study was, therefore, to establish a comprehensive view on the interaction between Salmonella enterica and tomatoes, and to test the hypothesis that colonization of plants is an interactive process. We assessed the persistence of Salmonella in agricultural soil, the colonization pattern in and on tomatoes, as well as the reciprocal responses of tomatoes to different Salmonella strains and Salmonella to root exudates and tomato-related media. This study revealed that Salmonella can persist in the soil and inside the tomato plant. Additionally, we show that Salmonella strains have particular colonization pattern, although the persistence inside the plant differs between the tested strains. Furthermore, the transcriptome response of tomato showed an up-regulation of several defense-related genes. Salmonella transcriptome analysis in response to the plant-based media showed differentially regulated genes related to amino acid and fatty acid synthesis and stress response, while the response to root exudates revealed regulation of the glyoxylate cycle. Our results indicate that both organisms actively engage in the interaction and that Salmonella adapts to the plant environment.

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Intermediary metabolism in the dauer larva of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans—II. The glyoxylate cycle and fatty-acid oxidation

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Comparative Biochemistry ◽

10.1016/0305-0491(90)90258-u ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 95 (1) ◽

pp. 125-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Veronica B. O'Riordan ◽

Ann M. Burnell

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽

Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽

Glyoxylate Cycle ◽

Intermediary Metabolism ◽

Acid Oxidation ◽

Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽

Dauer Larva ◽

The Glyoxylate Cycle

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Carbohydrate metabolism and gluconic acid synthesis by Botrytis cinerea

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b89-370 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 67 (10) ◽

pp. 2888-2893 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Bernard Donèche

Keyword(s):

Glucose Oxidase ◽

Gluconic Acid ◽

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽

Glyoxylate Cycle ◽

Acid Synthesis ◽

Direct Oxidation ◽

Plant Parasite ◽

Acid Accumulation ◽

Oxidation Of Glucose ◽

The Glyoxylate Cycle

The pathways of glucose catabolism were examined in a B. cinerea strain isolated from grape. Respirometric and enzymatic studies indicated that this plant parasite catabolized glucose through the Embden–Meyerhof and hexose monophosphate shunt pathways. Data also suggested functioning of an active tricarboxylic acid cycle and presence of the glyoxylate cycle. Direct oxidation of glucose by means of glucose oxidase led to gluconic acid accumulation in the medium during the stationary phase of growth. Part of the glucose oxidase was extracellular and could have technological consequences in wine making.

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The Glyoxylate Cycle in Germinating Ginkgo biloba Seeds

Canadian Journal of Biochemistry ◽

10.1139/o73-123 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 51 (6) ◽

pp. 961-963 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

P. Vanni ◽

E. Mastronuzzi ◽

M. T. Vincenzini ◽

A. M. Firenzuoli

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Lipid Content ◽

Ginkgo Biloba ◽

Glyoxylate Cycle ◽

Triglyceride Fraction ◽

Key Enzyme ◽

High Level ◽

Germinating Seeds ◽

The Glyoxylate Cycle

The high level of lipids in Ginkgo biloba seeds suggested that the glyoxylate cycle is operative during germination. The correlation between the lipid content of germinating seeds and the key-enzyme levels of the cycle were studied. The fatty acid composition and content of the triglyceride fraction during germination were also investigated.

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Mycobacterium smegmatis GlnR Regulates the Glyoxylate Cycle and the Methylcitrate Cycle on Fatty Acid Metabolism by Repressing icl Transcription

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.603835 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Nan Qi ◽

Guo-Lan She ◽

Wei Du ◽

Bang-Ce Ye

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Metabolism ◽

Mycobacterium Smegmatis ◽

Promoter Region ◽

Acid Metabolism ◽

Glyoxylate Cycle ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Binding Motif ◽

The Glyoxylate Cycle

Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm), along with its pathogenic counterpart Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), utilizes fatty acids and cholesterol as important carbon and energy sources during the persistence within host cells. As a dual-functional enzyme in the glyoxylate cycle and the methylcitrate cycle, isocitrate lyase (ICL, encoded by icl or MSMEG_0911) is indispensable for the growth of Msm and Mtb on short-chain fatty acids. However, regulation of icl in mycobacteria in response to nutrient availability remains largely unknown. Here, we report that the global nitrogen metabolism regulator GlnR represses icl expression by binding to an atypical binding motif in the icl promoter region under nitrogen-limiting conditions. We further show that GlnR competes with PrpR, a transcriptional activator of icl, and dominantly occupies the co-binding motif in the icl promoter region. In the absence of GlnR or in response to the excess nitrogen condition, Msm cells elongate and exhibit robust growth on short-chain fatty acids due to the PrpR-mediated activation of icl, thereby inducing enhanced apoptosis in infected macrophages. Taken together, our findings reveal the GlnR-mediated repression of icl on fatty acid metabolism, which might be a general strategy of nutrient sensing and environmental adaptation employed by mycobacteria.

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