scholarly journals CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE CHROMOSOMAL REGION IMMEDIATELY ADJACENT TO THE ROSY LOCUS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur J Hilliker ◽  
Stephen H Clark ◽  
Arthur Chovnick ◽  
William M Gelbart
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Polytene Chromosome ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Chromosome Band ◽  
Genetic Dissection ◽  
Genetic Unit ◽  
Complementation Groups ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Chromosome Bands

ABSTRACT This report describes the genetic analysis of a region of the third chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster extending from 87D2-4 to 87E12-F1, an interval of 23 or 24 polytene chromosome bands. This region includes the rosy (ry, 3-52.0) locus, carrying the structural information for xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH). We have, in recent years, focused attention on the genetic regulation of the rosy locus and, therefore, wished to ascertain in detail the immediate genetic environmcnt of this locus. Specifically, we question if rosy is a solitary genetic unit or part of a larger complex genetic unit encompassing adjacent genes. Our data also provide opportunity to examine further the relationship between euchromatic gene distrihution and polytene chromosome structure.—The results of our genetic dissection of the rosy microregion substantiate the conclusion drawn earlier (SCHALET, KERNAGHAN and CHOVNICK 1964) that the rosy locus is the only gene in this region concerned with XDH activity and that all adjacent genetic units are functionally, as well as spatially, distinct Erom the rosy gene. Within the rosy micro-region, we observed a close correspondence between the number of complementation groups (21) and the number of polytene chromosome bands (23 or 24). Consideration of this latter observation in conjunction with those of similar studies of other chhromosomal regions supports the hypothesis that each polytene chromosome band corresponds to a single genetic unit.

scholarly journals NONESSENTIAL SEQUENCES, GENES, AND THE POLYTENE CHROMOSOME BANDS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W Young ◽  
B H Judd
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Polytene Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Observable Effect ◽  
Phenotypic Changes ◽  
Complementation Groups ◽  
One To One ◽  
Functional Units ◽  
Chromosomal Sequences ◽  
Chromosome Bands

ABSTRACT From earlier work, there appears to be an underlying one-to-one correspondence of polytene chromosome bands and complementation groups within a sizeable, continuous X-chromosome segment, 3A1-3C7 (Judd, Shen and Kaufman 1972; Lefevre and Green 1972). However, most of the data supporting this one-to-one relation of bands and genes were gathered from mutants that upset vital functional units, thus leading to lethality. Among this series of mutants, only four loci, zeste, white, roughest and verticals, have no known lethal alleles. If phenotypic changes less drastic than lethality result from the loss of other chromosomal segments, they probably would not have been recognized in the earlier studies.—We report here some chromosomal sequences localized in 3A, 3B, and 3C whose loss effects no lethal change in the development of the animal. A portion of the 3A3-3A4 region can be disrupted in a nonlethal fashion, yet this sequence does not seem to be a part of either the zeste locus or l(1)zw1, which are known to be located in these bands. Two more complementation groups have been discovered that have no lethal alleles and map to 3B4-3B6; a third falls within 3B1-2. The loss of a sequence in 3C2-3 is tolerated without any genetically observable effect. Between 3C7 and the boundary of 3D there is at least one more sequence that behaves in this manner.—The discovery of these units, which are not allelic to any of the loci previously known, makes it clear that division 3B contains more genes (i.e., complementation groups) than polytene chromosome bands, while portions of 3A and 3C seem to have no functional significance. Accordingly many polytene chromosome bands may be composites of several complementing functional units. This investigation also indicates that there are chromosomal segments that are seemingly dispensible and thus function in a manner that is difficult or impossible to define with available methods.

A CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE CHROMOSOMAL REGION SURROUNDING THE α-GLYCEROPHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE LOCUS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-386
Author(s):  
Michael A Kotarski ◽  
Sally Pickert ◽  
Ross J MacIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Polytene Chromosome ◽  
Cytogenetic Analysis ◽  
Chromosomal Region ◽  
Chromosome Band ◽  
Recombination Analysis ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Recessive Lethal ◽  
Lethal Mutations ◽  
Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase

ABSTRACT The chromosomal region surrounding the structural gene for α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (αGpdh, 2-20.5) of Drosophila melanogaster has been studied in detail. Forty-three EMS-induced recessive lethal mutations and five previously identified visible mutations have been localized within the 25A-27D region of chromosome 2 by deficiency mapping and in some cases by a recombination analysis. The 43 lethal mutations specify 17 lethal loci. ?Gpdh has been localized to a single polytene chromosome band, 25F5, and there apparently are no lethals that map to the αGpdh locus.

scholarly journals GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE REGION BETWEEN 86F1,2 AND 87B15 ON CHROMOSOME 3 OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-789
Author(s):  
J Gausz ◽  
H Gyurkovics ◽  
G Bencze ◽  
A A M Awad ◽  
J J Holden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Chromosome 3 ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Lethal Mutations ◽  
Complementation Groups ◽  
Shock Locus ◽  
Chromosome Bands

ABSTRACT The region between 86F1,2 and 87B15 on chromosome 3 of Drosophila melanogaster, which contains about 27 polytene chromosome bands including the 87A7 heat-shock locus, has been screened for EMS-induced visible and lethal mutations. We have recovered 268 lethal mutations that fall into 25 complementation groups. Cytogenetic localization of the complementation groups by deficiency mapping is consistent with the notion that each band encodes a single genetic function. We have also screened for mutations at the 87A7 heat shock locus, using a chromosome that has only one copy of the gene encoding the 70,000 dalton heat-shock protein (hsp70). No lethal or visible mutations at 87A7 were identified from 10,719 mutagenized chromosomes, and no female-sterile mutations at 87A7 were recovered from the 1,520 chromosomes whose progeny were tested for female fertility. We found no evidence that a functional hsp70 gene is required for development under laboratory conditions.

scholarly journals Genetic and developmental analysis of polytene section 17 of the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster.

Genetics ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-583
Author(s):  
D F Eberl ◽  
L A Perkins ◽  
M Engelstein ◽  
A J Hilliker ◽  
N Perrimon
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Lethal Mutations ◽  
Sterile Technique ◽  
Dominant Female ◽  
Complementation Groups ◽  
Developmental Analysis ◽  
Chromosome Bands

Abstract Polytene section 17 of the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster, previously known to contain six putative lethal complementation groups important in oogenesis and embryogenesis, has here been further characterized genetically and developmentally. We constructed fcl+Y, a duplication of this region, which allowed us to conduct mutagenesis screens specific for the region and to perform complementation analyses (previously not possible). We recovered 67 new lethal mutations which defined 15 complementation groups within Df(1)N19 which deletes most of polytene section 17. The zygotic lethal phenotypes of these and preexisting mutations within polytene section 17 were examined, and their maternal requirements were analysed in homozygous germline clones using the dominant female sterile technique. We present evidence that an additional gene, which produces two developmentally regulated transcripts, is located in this region and is involved in embryogenesis, although no mutations in this gene were identified. In this interval of 37 to 43 polytene chromosome bands we have defined 17 genes, 12 (71%) of which are of significance to oogenesis or embryogenesis.

scholarly journals Genetic analysis of the brahma gene of Drosophila melanogaster and polytene chromosome subdivisions 72AB.

Genetics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 137 (3) ◽  
pp. 803-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
B J Brizuela ◽  
L Elfring ◽  
J Ballard ◽  
J W Tamkun ◽  
J A Kennison
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Polytene Chromosome ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Homeotic Genes ◽  
Catalytic Subunits ◽  
Gtp Binding ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Complementation Groups ◽  
Interallelic Complementation

Abstract The brahma gene is required for activation of the homeotic genes of the Antennapedia and bithorax complexes in Drosophila. We have isolated and characterized 21 mutations in brahma. We show that both maternal and zygotic functions of brahma are required during embryogenesis. In addition, the severe abnormalities caused by loss of maternal brahma expression show that the homeotic genes are not the only targets for brahma activation. The complex pattern of interallelic complementation for the 21 brahma alleles suggests that brahama may act as a multimer. In addition to mutations in brahma, we have isolated mutations in four other essential genes within polytene chromosome subdivisions 72AB. Based on a compilation of similar studies that include about 24% of the genome, we estimate that about 3600 genes in Drosophila can mutate to cause recessive lethality, with fewer than 900 additional genes essential only for gametogenesis. We have identified three times more transcripts than lethal complementation groups in 72AB. One transcript in 72AB is the product of the essential arf-like gene and encodes a member of the ARF subfamily of small GTP-binding proteins. Two other transcripts are probably the products of a single gene whose protein products are similar to the catalytic subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinases.

scholarly journals VIABILITY OF HOMOZYGOUS DEFICIENCIES IN SOMATIC CELLS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-453
Author(s):  
Pedro Ripoll ◽  
A García-Bellido
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Cell Survival ◽  
Polytene Chromosome ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Mitotic Recombination ◽  
Chromosome Bands

ABSTRACT The viability of cells made homozygous for different deficiencies by induced mitotic recombination was examined. The deficiencies varied in length from two to 30 polytene chromosome bands and were distributed over the five major chromosome arms. Among a sample of 30, ten deficiencies were cell viable. Our results show that 12% of the genome is necessary for cell survival, supporting previous estimates of about 5,000 genes in the genome of Drosophila.

scholarly journals LETHAL MUTATIONS FLANKING THE 68C GLUE GENE CLUSTER ON CHROMOSOME 3 OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-802
Author(s):  
Madeline A Crosby ◽  
Elliot M Meyerowitz
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Xanthine Dehydrogenase ◽  
Complementation Group ◽  
Chromosome 3 ◽  
Relative Order ◽  
Lethal Mutations ◽  
Complementation Groups ◽  
Chromosome Bands ◽  
New Alleles

ABSTRACT We have conducted a genetic analysis of the region flanking the 68C glue gene cluster in Drosophila melanogaster by isolating lethal and semilethal mutations uncovered by deficiencies which span this region. Three different mutagens were used: ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), ethyl nitrosourea (ENU) and diepoxybutane (DEB). In the region from 68A3 to 68C11, 64 lethal, semilethal, and visible mutations were recovered. These include alleles of 13 new lethal complementation groups, as well as new alleles of rotated, low xanthine dehydrogenase, lethal(3)517 and lethal(3)B76. Six new visible mutations from within this region were recovered on the basis of their reduced viability; all proved to be semiviable alleles of lethal complementation groups. No significant differences were observed in the distributions of lethals recovered using the three different mutagens. Each lethal was mapped on the basis of complementation with overlapping deficiencies; mutations that mapped within the same interval were tested for complementation, and the relative order of the lethal groups within each interval was determined by recombination. The cytological distribution of genes within the 68A3-68C11 region is not uniform: the region from 68A2,3 to 68B1,3 (seven to ten polytene chromosome bands) contains at least 13 lethal complementation groups and the mutation low xanthine dehydrogenase; the adjoining region from 68B1,3 to 68C5,6 (six to nine bands) includes the 68C glue gene cluster, but no known lethal or visible complementation groups; and the interval from 68C5,6 to 68C10,11 (three to five bands) contains at least three lethal complementation groups and the visible mutation rotated. The developmental stage at which lethality is observed was determined for a representative allele from each lethal complementation group.

Genetic instability in Drosophila melanogaster mediated by hobo transposable elements.

Genetics ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 133 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-334
Author(s):  
F Sheen ◽  
J K Lim ◽  
M J Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Transposable Elements ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
F Region ◽  
Hobo Element ◽  
Complementation Groups ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Chromosome Bands

Abstract Eight independent recessive lethal mutations that occurred on derivatives of an unstable X chromosome (Uc) in Drosophila melanogaster were analyzed by a combination of genetic and molecular techniques. Seven of the mutations were localized to complementation groups in polytene chromosome bands 6E; 7A. In situ hybridization and genomic Southern analysis established that hobo transposable elements were associated with all seven of the mutations. Six mutations involved deletions of DNA, some of which were large enough to be seen cytologically, and in each case, a hobo element was inserted at the junction of the deletion's breakpoints. A seventh mutation was associated with a small inversion between 6F and 7A-B and a hobo element was inserted at one of its breakpoints. One of the mutant chromosomes had an active hobo-mediated instability, manifested by the recurrent production of mutations of the carmine (cm) locus in bands 6E5-6. This instability persisted for many generations in several sublines of an inbred stock. Two levels of instability, high and basal, were distinguished. Sublines with high instability had two hobo elements in the 6E-F region and produced cm mutations by deleting the segment between the two hobos; a single hobo element remained at the junction of the deletion breakpoints. Sublines with low instability had only one hobo element in the 6E-F region, but they also produced deletion mutations of cm. Both types of sublines also acquired hobo-mediated inversions on the X chromosome. Collectively, these results suggest that interactions between hobo elements are responsible for the instability of Uc. It is proposed that interactions between widely separated elements produce gross rearrangements that restructure the chromosome and that interactions between nearby elements cause regional instabilities manifested by the recurrence of specific mutations. These regional instabilities may arise when a copy of hobo transposes a short distance, creating a pair of hobos that can interact to produce small rearrangements.

scholarly journals Co-localization to chromosome bands 99E1-3 of the Drosophila melanogaster myosin light chain-2 gene and a haplo-insufficient locus that affects flight behavior.

Genetics ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
J W Warmke ◽  
A J Kreuz ◽  
S Falkenthal
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Light Chain ◽  
Mutant Allele ◽  
Myosin Light Chain ◽  
Complementation Group ◽  
Flight Behavior ◽  
Myosin Light Chain 2 ◽  
Complementation Groups ◽  
Single Allele ◽  
Chromosome Bands

Abstract Using overlapping synthetic deficiencies, we find that a haplo-insufficient locus affecting flight behavior and the myosin light chain-2 gene co-map to the Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosome interval 99D9-E1 to 99E2-3. From screening over 9000 EMS-treated chromosomes, we obtained alleles of two complementation groups that map to this same interval. One of these complementation groups lfm(3)99Eb, exhibits dominant flightless behavior; thus, flightless behavior of the deficiency is in all likelihood due to hemizygosity of this single locus. Rescue of flightless behavior by a duplication indicates that the single allele, E38, of the Ifm(3)99Eb complementation group is a hypomorph. Based upon its map position and a reduction in concentration of myosin light chain-2 mRNA in heterozygotes, we propose that Ifm(3)Eb(E38) is a mutant allele of the myosin light chain-2 gene. Our genetic analysis also resulted in the identification of four dominant flightless alleles of an unlinked locus, l(3)nc99Eb, that exhibits dominant lethal synergism with Ifm(3)99Eb.

scholarly journals A cytogenetic analysis of the Punch-tudor region of chromosome 2R in Drosophila melanogaster.

Genetics ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-280
Author(s):  
J O'Donnell ◽  
R Boswell ◽  
T Reynolds ◽  
W Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Cytogenetic Analysis ◽  
Deletion Mapping ◽  
Lethal Mutations ◽  
Complementation Groups ◽  
Chromosome Bands ◽  
New Alleles ◽  
New Mutations

Abstract Eleven chromosomal deficiencies and several rearrangements in the Pu-tud region of chromosome 2R have been generated and examined cytologically. The Pu locus has been localized to chromosome bands 57C5-6 and tud to 57C7-8. Mutagenesis within the region defined by the deletion intervals has resulted in the isolation of 92 new lethal mutations. Seventy-six of these mutations have been separated into 16 complementation groups that have been ordered and placed cytologically by deletion mapping. All new alleles fully complement tud for both lethal and grandchildless phenotypes. The largest number of new mutations, a total of 25, are Pu alleles.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document