14. False representations

2021 ◽  
pp. 349-376
Author(s):  
Christian Witting
Keyword(s):  
Tort Law ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Passing Off ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Principal Elements

This chapter examines the protection provided by tort law against false representations which cause the claimant to suffer some kind of financial loss (which is why they frequently are seen as falling within the category of economic torts). The chapter discusses the principal elements of three different types of false representation case, these being: deceit (based on an inducement by the defendant that the claimant rely on the statement even though the defendant was at least reckless as to its truth), passing off (based on deception of the claimant’s customers), and malicious falsehood (usually based on disparagement of the claimant’s goods).

14. False representations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Witting
Keyword(s):  
Tort Law ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Passing Off ◽  
Different Types

This chapter examines the protection provided by tort law against false representations which cause the claimant to suffer some kind of financial loss. It discusses the principle elements of three different types of false representation case, these being deceit, passing off, and malicious falsehood.

14. False Representations

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Witting
Keyword(s):  
Tort Law ◽  
Passing Off ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Financial Interests

This chapter examines the protection provided by tort law against false representations. It explains that false representation is the unifying term which refers to torts designed to protect the financial interests of the claimant against the improper actions of others. It discusses the principle of three different types of false representation, these being deceit, passing off, and malicious falsehood.

scholarly journals Effects of Aerosols and Clouds on the Levels of Surface Solar Radiation and Solar Energy in Cyprus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilias Fountoulakis ◽  
Panagiotis Kosmopoulos ◽  
Kyriakoula Papachristopoulou ◽  
Panagiotis-Ioannis Raptis ◽  
Rodanthi-Elisavet Mamouri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Surface Solar Radiation ◽  
Satellite Retrievals ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Fine Resolution

Cyprus plans to drastically increase the share of renewable energy sources from 13.9% in 2020 to 22.9% in 2030. Solar energy can play a key role in the effort to fulfil this goal. The potential for production of solar energy over the island is much higher than most of European territory because of the low latitude of the island and the nearly cloudless summers. In this study, high quality and fine resolution satellite retrievals of aerosols and dust, from the newly developed MIDAS climatology, as well as information for clouds from CMSAF are used in order to quantify the effects of aerosols, dust, and clouds on the levels of surface solar radiation (SSR) and the corresponding financial loss for different types of installations for production of solar energy. An SSR climatology has been also developed based on the above information. Ground-based measurements were also incorporated to study the contribution of different species to the aerosol mixture and the effects of day-to-day variability of aerosols on SSR. Aerosols attenuate 5 – 10% of annual GHI and 15 – 35% of annual DNI, while clouds attenuate ~25 – 30% and 35 – 50% respectively. Dust is responsible for 30 – 50% of the overall attenuation by aerosols.

Characteristic Seismic Failures of Buildings

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. J. "Jon" Moseley ◽  
Andreas Lampropoulos ◽  
Eftychia Apostolidi ◽  
Christos Giarlelis
Keyword(s):  
Structural Engineering ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Seismic Retrofitting ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
The Public ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sufficient Degree ◽  
First Time ◽  
Failure Types

<p>Earthquakes can cause considerable fatalities, injuries and financial loss. The forces of nature cannot be blamed, as the problem lies with the structures in seismic regions that may not have been designed or constructed to a sufficient degree to resist earthquake actions or they may have design flaws. This Structural Engineering Document (SED) concerns reinforced concrete and masonry buildings together with geotechnical aspects and presents in a concise and practical way the state of the art of current understanding of building failures due to earthquakes. It classifies the different types of seismic failure, explains the reasons for each failure, describes good practices to avoid such failures and also describes seismic retrofitting/upgrading procedures for pre-earthquake strengthening and post-earthquake repair and/or strengthening techniques for deficient buildings. Carefully selected photographs and diagrams illustrate the different failure types. This document could be considered as quite unique, as this is the first time such material concerning characteristic seismic failures of buildings has been presented together in one single document. It is intended to be a valuable educational reference textbook aimed at all levels of experience of engineers. It provides background information, ideas, guidance and reassurance to engineers in earthquake regions faced with the task of building a safer future for the public and to protect lives. <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/Oddi3VTtxCM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>

scholarly journals Effects of Aerosols and Clouds on the Levels of Surface Solar Radiation and Solar Energy in Cyprus

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2319
Author(s):  
Ilias Fountoulakis ◽  
Panagiotis Kosmopoulos ◽  
Kyriakoula Papachristopoulou ◽  
Ioannis-Panagiotis Raptis ◽  
Rodanthi-Elisavet Mamouri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Energy Surface ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
Surface Solar Radiation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Main Regulator ◽  
Fine Resolution

Cyprus plans to drastically increase the share of renewable energy sources from 13.9% in 2020 to 22.9% in 2030. Solar energy can play a key role in the effort to fulfil this goal. The potential for production of solar energy over the island is much higher than most of European territory because of the low latitude of the island and the nearly cloudless summers. In this study, high quality and fine resolution satellite retrievals of aerosols and dust, from the newly developed MIDAS climatology, and information for clouds from CM SAF are used in order to quantify the effects of aerosols, dust, and clouds on the levels of surface solar radiation for 2004–2017 and the corresponding financial loss for different types of installations for the production of solar energy. Surface solar radiation climatology has also been developed based on the above information. Ground-based measurements were also incorporated to study the contribution of different species to the aerosol mixture and the effects of day-to-day variability of aerosols on SSR. Aerosols attenuate 5–10% of the annual global horizontal irradiation and 15–35% of the annual direct normal irradiation, while clouds attenuate 25–30% and 35–50% respectively. Dust is responsible for 30–50% of the overall attenuation by aerosols and is the main regulator of the variability of total aerosol. All-sky annual global horizontal irradiation increased significantly in the period of study by 2%, which was mainly attributed to changes in cloudiness.

Passing-Off, Goodwill and False Advertising: New Wine in Old Bottles

1986 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-125
Author(s):  
Suman Naresh
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
Tort Law ◽  
Passing Off

Commentators upon the English common law relating to the protection of trade symbols have frequently remarked the uncertainty concerning the true scope of the action for passing-off: its place in the scheme of English tort law has been said not to have been finally determined, and its capacity for growth not to have been exhausted. It is true that this uncertainty has not prevented greatly increased use of the action in recent years; but this is no reason to be complacent, for the judicial extensions of liability under this head owe more to the manipulation of verbal formulae than to a clarification of its foundations. Inconsequence, as passing-off has come to be employed as the vehicle for novel assertions of right-such as those of groups to a shared symbol, of foreign traders to international reputations that have preceded them to these shores, or of pop stars and other ephemera of our culture to the value of their names and likenxsesses in the marketplace—the risk of important interests being ignored, simply through failing to be recognised, has increased rather than decreased.

scholarly journals The Power of Apology: Mercy, Forgiveness or Corrective Justice in the Civil Liability Arena (2007) Vol 1 Art 5

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prue Vines
Keyword(s):  
Professional Ethics ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Civil Liability ◽  
Tort Law ◽  
Corrective Justice ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Legal Advice ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

The recent rash of apology-protecting legislation in tort law in the common law world raises interesting questions about why apologies are so important. The function of apologies within society generally is not absolutely clear. It is even less clear what their function in relation to civil liability is and how the relationship between the law and apologies works. It is fairly clear that legislators desire apologies to reduce litigation on the basis of some naïve view that that is what people really want and that the common legal advice to never apologise is actually very bad for society in general. In this paper I argue first that defining apologies is crucial to determining their function, that apologies have multiple functions and that one of them is corrective justice. Another is to mediate relationships and to achieve reconciliation or healing through a process of apology, forgiveness and redemption. When should an apology be protected and why can only be answered if we have a real understanding of both the psychological and sociological effects of apologies. In particular we need to understand the interactions of different types of norms, including norms of civility, legal norms, professional ethics and so on. The article attempts to go some way towards this understanding.

scholarly journals Women and Money: Unique Issues — Protecting Your Assets

EDIS ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynda Spence ◽  
Martie Gillen ◽  
Diann Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Identity Theft ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Fact Sheet ◽  
Different Types

Protecting your assets is similar to managing your risks. Managing risks means identifying and evaluating instances where you may experience a financial loss and then making a plan for how to deal with the situation. This publication shares some common ways you can protect your assets by purchasing different types of insurance, being aware of identity theft or fraud, and monitoring your credit reports. This 4-page fact sheet was written by Lynda Spence, Martie Gillen, and Diann Douglas, and published by the UF Department of Family Youth and Community Sciences, July 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fy1375

scholarly journals The Acoustics of the Benevento Roman Theatre

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
Silvana Sukaj ◽  
Giuseppe Ciaburro ◽  
Gino Iannace ◽  
Ilaria Lombardi ◽  
Amelia Trematerra
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Sound Source ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Acoustic Measurements ◽  
Acoustic Characteristics ◽  
Cultural Activities ◽  
Renaissance Period ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Theatrical Performances ◽  
Principal Elements

During the Imperial Roman period, thousands of theatres were built. The theatres have three principal elements: the scene building (actor position), the orchestra and the cavea (spectator seating). The theatres were built without a roof, so they were open-air spaces. The theatres were abandoned afterward the barbarian invasions, and during the Middle Ages, homes were built inside the cavea. The theatres were rediscovered during the Renaissance period. Today, ancient theatres are the center of cultural events and are used for various kinds of shows. This work discussed the acoustics of the Roman theatre of Benevento, which was built during the Imperial Age. The theatre was destroyed after the barbaric invasion and it was rebuilt in the first half of the 1900s. The theatre was opened in 1957, and today it is the center of social and cultural activities. Acoustic measurements were carried out according to ISO 3382 standard, placing an omnidirectional sound source on the scene building and in the orchestra, with the measurement microphones along three directions in the cavea. The acoustic characteristics in various seating areas of the cavea were evaluated. Therefore, it possible to understand in which sectors of the theatre the acoustic characteristics are optimal for different types of theatrical performances.

The extinction time of a general birth and death process with catastrophes

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (04) ◽  
pp. 851-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Brockwell
Keyword(s):  
Laplace Transform ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Death Process ◽  
Extinction Time ◽  
Birth And Death Process ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Laplace Transform ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

The Laplace transform of the extinction time is determined for a general birth and death process with arbitrary catastrophe rate and catastrophe size distribution. It is assumed only that the birth rates satisfyλ0= 0,λj&gt; 0 for eachj&gt; 0, and. Necessary and sufficient conditions for certain extinction of the population are derived. The results are applied to the linear birth and death process (λj=jλ, µj=jμ) with catastrophes of several different types.

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