scholarly journals Public finance of universal routine childhood immunization in India: district-level cost estimates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Schueller ◽  
Arindam Nandi ◽  
Amit Summan ◽  
Susmita Chatterjee ◽  
Arindam Ray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unit Cost ◽  
Vaccine Delivery ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Matched Pair ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Indian Children ◽  
Immunization Programme ◽  
Routine Childhood ◽  
Childhood Vaccines

Abstract India’s Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) is among the largest routine childhood vaccination programmes in the world. However, only an estimated 65% of Indian children under the age 2 years were fully vaccinated in 2019. We estimated the cost of raising childhood vaccination coverage to a minimum of 90% in each district in India. We obtained vaccine price data from India’s comprehensive multi-year strategic plan for immunization. Cost of vaccine delivery by district was derived from a 2018 field study in 24 districts. We used propensity score matching methods to match the remaining Indian districts with these 24, based on indicators from the National Family Health Survey (2015–16). We assumed the same unit cost of vaccine delivery in matched pair districts and estimated the total and incremental cost of providing routine vaccines to 90% of the current cohort of children in each district. The estimated national cost of providing basic vaccinations—one dose each of Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) and measles vaccines, and three doses each of oral polio (OPV) and diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus vaccines—was $784.91 million (2020 US$). Considering all childhood vaccines included in UIP during 2018–22 (one dose each of BCG, hepatitis B and measles–rubella; four doses of OPV; two doses of inactivated polio; and three doses each of rotavirus, pneumococcal and pentavalent vaccines), the estimated national cost of vaccines and delivery to 90% of target children in each district was $1.73 billion. The 2018 UIP budget for vaccinating children, pregnant women and adults was $1.17 billion (2020 US$). In comparison, $1.73 billion would be needed to vaccinate 90% of children in all Indian districts with the recommended schedule of routine childhood vaccines. Additional costs for infrastructural investments and communication activities, not incorporated in this study, may also be necessary.

The routine childhood immunization programme

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-177
Author(s):  
David Elliman ◽  
Helen Bedford
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Immunization Programme ◽  
Routine Childhood

scholarly journals New Vaccine Introduction and Childhood Vaccination Timeliness in Two Urban, Informal Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cara Bess Janusz ◽  
Martin K. Mutua ◽  
Abram L. Wagner ◽  
Matthew L. Boulton
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Routine Immunization ◽  
Immunization Schedule ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Routine Childhood ◽  
The Impact

New vaccine introduction accompanied by social mobilization activities could contribute to improved routine immunization timeliness. This study assesses the impact of Kenya’s introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) on the timeliness of routine childhood vaccination in two informal, urban settlements in Nairobi. Data collected from 2007 to 2015 as part of a demographic surveillance system were used to estimate annual vaccination delays of ≥ 4 weeks among children aged 12–23 months in the period before and after the introduction of PCV in Kenya. Binomial segmented regression models using generalized estimating equations examined the association between vaccine introduction and timeliness of routine immunization. Over half of all children vaccinated in the two urban areas received one or more doses ≥ 4 weeks after the recommended age. The timeliness of routine immunization showed slight improvements or nonsignificant changes during the years following PCV introduction compared with the preceding years (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.45–0.99 for Bacille Calmette-Guerin receipt; aPR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.41–0.83 for third dose Pentavalent receipt; aPR: 1.19, 95% CI: 0.99–1.42 for measles). However, as of 2015, delayed vaccination remained prevalent in children, particularly among the poorest residing in the settlements. Many sub-Saharan African countries have introduced new life-saving vaccines into their routine childhood immunization schedule. Additional evidence regarding the positive or neutral influence of new vaccine introduction on the performance of delivery systems provides further justification to sustain the inclusion of these more costly vaccines in the immunization schedule.

scholarly journals Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown on Routine Childhood Immunization: A Saudi Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leena R. Baghdadi ◽  
Afnan Younis ◽  
Hessah I. Al Suwaidan ◽  
Marwah M. Hassounah ◽  
Reem Al Khalifah
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Routine Childhood

Background: Routine childhood immunization is the most cost-effective method to prevent infection and decrease childhood morbidity and mortality. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected access to health care in Saudi Arabia, including mandatory vaccinations for young children. We aimed to assess the prevalence of intentionally delayed vaccinations in children aged ≤ 2 years during the COVID-19 pandemic curfew in Saudi Arabia, its relation to the caregivers' fear of infection, and identifying factors affecting the caregivers' decision.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using a self-administered survey that targeted primary caregivers of children aged ≤ 2 years residing in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic curfew (March 4–July 6, 2020).Results: We received responses from 577 caregivers, of whom 90.8% were mothers. The prevalence of intentional vaccination delay was 37%. Upon adjusting the potential confounders, the odds of delaying scheduled childhood vaccination because of COVID-19 pandemic fears were greater among caregivers with higher levels of fear (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.02–1.11). Common reasons for delaying vaccinations were COVID-19 infection and prevention of exposure to COVID-19 cases.Conclusion: Intentional vaccination delay leaves young children vulnerable to preventable infectious diseases. Identifying these children and offering catch-up vaccinations reduces this risk. Campaigns to increase awareness about the dangers of delaying vaccine-preventable diseases must be promoted to caregivers in addition to the promotion of home vaccination services. In preparation for future pandemics, we recommend countries consider interventions to control the level of fear and anxiety provoked by the pandemics and media, and interventions for improved access to vaccinations.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Mandatory and Incentive-Based Routine Childhood Immunization Programs in Europe: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1173
Author(s):  
Lidia Kuznetsova ◽  
Giorgio Cortassa ◽  
Antoni Trilla
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
World Health ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Routine Childhood ◽  
Vaccine Mandates ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

There is a lack of comprehensive and systematic data and evidence regarding the effectiveness of mandatory and incentive-based vaccination schemes. The results of such programs in some countries have not been adequately studied. A number of countries have recently introduced tightening vaccination measures, and it is important to analyze and assess the results of these programs. The unprecedented situation due to the COVID-19 pandemic and mass vaccination made the topic of the effectiveness of vaccination policies and mandates even more relevant. The aim of the study is to assess childhood vaccination programs implemented in selected countries. The study focuses on initiatives implemented in the European Region of the World Health Organization (WHO). A total of 466 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, and 26 articles on seven countries were included in the synthesis. Additionally, we obtained and performed an analysis of data on the impact of COVID-19 on vaccine coverage and incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases, and the implementation of vaccine mandates in the selected countries. The evidence collected and analyzed in this review allowed us to conclude that the introduction of children routine vaccination mandates increases vaccine coverage and reduces the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases when compared to the situation before the introduction of the mandates.

scholarly journals Acceptability of mobile-phone reminders for routine childhood vaccination appointments in Nigeria – a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Eze ◽  
Sergius Alex Agu ◽  
Ujunwa Justina Agu ◽  
Yubraj Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Routine Immunization ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Routine Childhood ◽  
To Receive

Abstract Background Mobile-phone reminders have gained traction among policymakers as a way to improve childhood vaccination coverage and timeliness. However, there is limited evidence on the acceptability of mobile-phone reminders among patients and caregivers. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the ownership of mobile-phone device and the willingness to receive mobile-phone reminders among mothers/caregivers utilizing routine childhood immunization services in Nigeria. Method MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, CNKI, AJOL (African Journal Online), and Web of Science were systematically searched for studies on the acceptability of mobile-phone reminders for routine immunization appointments among mothers/caregivers in Nigeria. Studies were assessed for methodological quality using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale and JBI critical appraisal checklists. Meta-analysis was conducted using random-effects model to generate pooled estimates (proportion) of mothers who owned at least one mobile phone and proportion of mothers willing to receive mobile-phone reminders. Results Sixteen studies (13 cross-sectional and three interventional) involving a total of 9923 mothers across 15 states and the Federal Capital Territory Abuja met inclusion criteria. Pooled estimates showed that the proportion of mothers who owned at least one mobile phone was 96.4% (95% CI = 94.1–98.2%; I2 = 96.3%) while the proportion of mothers willing to receive mobile-phone reminders was 86.0% (95% CI = 79.8–91.3%, I2 = 98.4%). Most mothers preferred to receive text message reminders at least 24 h before the routine immunization appointment day, and in the morning hours. Approximately 52.8% of the mothers preferred to receive reminders in English, the country’s official language. Conclusion Current evidence suggests a high acceptability for mobile-phone reminder interventions to improve routine childhood immunization coverage and timeliness. Further studies, however, are needed to better understand unique regional preferences and assess the operational costs, long-term effects, and risks of this intervention. Systematic review protocol registration PROSPERO CRD42021234183.

scholarly journals Attitudes and beliefs of parents about routine childhood vaccination in Greece

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Despoina Gkentzi ◽  
Charalampia Tsagri ◽  
Eirini Kostopoulou ◽  
Sotirios Fouzas ◽  
Apostolos Vantarakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Routine Childhood

Child Undernutrition in the States of India: An Analysis Based on Change in Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure from 2006 to 2016

2021 ◽  
pp. 097226612110103
Author(s):  
J. R. Jith ◽  
Rajshree Bedamatta
Keyword(s):  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Indian Children ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Child Undernutrition ◽  
Low Weight

Stunting, wasting and underweight—the three traditional indicators of undernourishment among children—provide mutually non-exclusive categories of anthropometric failures: low height for age, low weight for height and low weight for age. Although these indicators are essential for designing specific clinical and child nutrition policy interventions, they fall short of estimating the prevalence of overall anthropometric failure, which provides a sense of the scale of the nutrition problem. This article estimates the alternative, more comprehensive measure Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) for Indian states, based on data from the National Family Health surveys of 2006 and 2016, for children under five years (Ch–U5). The CIAF-based undernutrition estimates show significantly high anthropometric failure levels among Indian children compared to only stunting, wasting and underweight. Based on population projections for Ch–U5, we also show that a sizeable number of states may have seen an increase in child undernutrition between 2006 and 2016. We also correlated CIAF with household wealth index scores and found a positive relationship with children facing no anthropometric failure.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Haemophilus influenzae Type b Conjugate Vaccine Introduction Into Routine Childhood Immunization in Kenya

JAMA ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 296 (6) ◽  
pp. 671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen D. Cowgill ◽  
Moses Ndiritu ◽  
Joyce Nyiro ◽  
Mary P. E. Slack ◽  
Salome Chiphatsi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B ◽  
Type B ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Routine Childhood

scholarly journals Measles and Rubella during COVID-19 Pandemic: Future Challenges in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Kazuki Shimizu ◽  
Ayaka Teshima ◽  
Hiromi Mase
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Routine Childhood ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Closing The Gap ◽  
Epidemiological Trends

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly impacted essential health services. Simultaneously, it has created opportunities for citizens to raise awareness of personal hygiene, mask wearing, and other preventive measures. This brief report aims to clarify the epidemiological trends of measles and rubella in Japan and to explore future challenges for controlling these diseases during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Although Japan eliminated measles in 2015, the number of measles patients has gradually increased since then, and reached 744 in 2019. In the 2010s, Japan experienced two large rubella epidemics, and the majority of the patients were reported in Tokyo and other metropolitan areas. While the transmission of measles and rubella seems to be suppressed during the COVID-19 pandemic, closing the gap in routine childhood vaccination will be challenging in any country. Moreover, supplementary immunization campaigns for adults have also been disrupted, and they must be invigorated. While the pandemic has a devastating effect on a global scale, it should be utilized as a good opportunity to regain faith in vaccines, implement an evidence-based vaccination policy, and strengthen international cooperation.

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