Impacts of ocean acidification on development of the meroplanktonic larval stage of the sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii

Abstract Doo, S. S., Dworjanyn, S. A., Foo, S. A., Soars, N. A., and Byrne, M. 2012. Impacts of ocean acidification on development of the meroplanktonic larval stage of the sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 460–464. The effects of near-future ocean acidification/hypercapnia on larval development were investigated in the sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii, a habitat-modifying species from eastern Australia. Decreased pH (−0.3 to −0.5 pH units) or increased pCO2 significantly reduced the percentage of normal larvae. Larval growth was negatively impacted with smaller larvae in the pH 7.6/1800 ppm treatments. The impact of acidification on development was similar on days 3 and 5, indicating deleterious effects early in development. On day 3, increased abnormalities in the pH 7.6/1600 ppm treatment were seen in aberrant prism stage larvae and arrested/dead embryos. By day 5, echinoplutei in this treatment had smaller arm rods. Observations of smaller larvae in C. rodgersii have significant implications for this species because larval success may be a potential bottleneck for persistence in a changing ocean.

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The stunting effect of a high CO 2 ocean on calcification and development in sea urchin larvae, a synthesis from the tropics to the poles

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2012.0439 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 368 (1627) ◽

pp. 20120439 ◽

Cited By ~ 101

Author(s):

Maria Byrne ◽

Miles Lamare ◽

David Winter ◽

Symon A. Dworjanyn ◽

Sven Uthicke

Keyword(s):

Ocean Acidification ◽

Sea Urchin ◽

Dominant Role ◽

Larval Growth ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

Tropical Species ◽

Carbonate Mineral ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Correlated Parameters ◽

Near Future

The stunting effect of ocean acidification on development of calcifying invertebrate larvae has emerged as a significant effect of global change. We assessed the arm growth response of sea urchin echinoplutei, here used as a proxy of larval calcification, to increased seawater acidity/ p CO 2 and decreased carbonate mineral saturation in a global synthesis of data from 15 species. Phylogenetic relatedness did not influence the observed patterns. Regardless of habitat or latitude, ocean acidification impedes larval growth with a negative relationship between arm length and increased acidity/ p CO 2 and decreased carbonate mineral saturation. In multiple linear regression models incorporating these highly correlated parameters, p CO 2 exerted the greatest influence on decreased arm growth in the global dataset and also in the data subsets for polar and subtidal species. Thus, reduced growth appears largely driven by organism hypercapnia. For tropical species, decreased carbonate mineral saturation was most important. No single parameter played a dominant role in arm size reduction in the temperate species. For intertidal species, the models were equivocal. Levels of acidification causing a significant (approx. 10–20+%) reduction in arm growth varied between species. In 13 species, reduction in length of arms and supporting skeletal rods was evident in larvae reared in near-future ( p CO 2 800+ µatm) conditions, whereas greater acidification ( p CO 2 1000+ µatm) reduced growth in all species. Although multi-stressor studies are few, when temperature is added to the stressor mix, near-future warming can reduce the negative effect of acidification on larval growth. Broadly speaking, responses of larvae from across world regions showed similar trends despite disparate phylogeny, environments and ecology. Larval success may be the bottleneck for species success with flow-on effects for sea urchin populations and marine ecosystems.

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The impact of CO 2 -driven ocean acidification on early development and calcification in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius

Marine Pollution Bulletin ◽

10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.003 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 112 (1-2) ◽

pp. 291-302 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Yaoyao Zhan ◽

Wanbin Hu ◽

Weijie Zhang ◽

Minbo Liu ◽

Lizhu Duan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ocean Acidification ◽

Early Development ◽

Sea Urchin ◽

Strongylocentrotus Intermedius ◽

The Impact

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Vulnerability of the calcifying larval stage of the Antarctic sea urchinSterechinus neumayerito near-future ocean acidification and warming

Global Change Biology ◽

10.1111/gcb.12190 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 19 (7) ◽

pp. 2264-2275 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

Maria Byrne ◽

Melanie A. Ho ◽

Lucas Koleits ◽

Casandra Price ◽

Catherine K. King ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ocean Acidification ◽

Larval Stage ◽

The Antarctic ◽

Near Future

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Temperature, but not pH, compromises sea urchin fertilization and early development under near-future climate change scenarios

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2008.1935 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 276 (1663) ◽

pp. 1883-1888 ◽

Cited By ~ 181

Author(s):

Maria Byrne ◽

Melanie Ho ◽

Paulina Selvakumaraswamy ◽

Hong D. Nguyen ◽

Symon A. Dworjanyn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Sea Urchin ◽

Ocean Warming ◽

Future Climate ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Future Climate Change ◽

Marine Biota ◽

Climate Change Scenarios ◽

Eastern Australia ◽

Near Future

Global warming is causing ocean warming and acidification. The distribution of Heliocidaris erythrogramma coincides with the eastern Australia climate change hot spot, where disproportionate warming makes marine biota particularly vulnerable to climate change. In keeping with near-future climate change scenarios, we determined the interactive effects of warming and acidification on fertilization and development of this echinoid. Experimental treatments (20–26°C, pH 7.6–8.2) were tested in all combinations for the ‘business-as-usual’ scenario, with 20°C/pH 8.2 being ambient. Percentage of fertilization was high (>89%) across all treatments. There was no difference in percentage of normal development in any pH treatment. In elevated temperature conditions, +4°C reduced cleavage by 40 per cent and +6°C by a further 20 per cent. Normal gastrulation fell below 4 per cent at +6°C. At 26°C, development was impaired. As the first study of interactive effects of temperature and pH on sea urchin development, we confirm the thermotolerance and pH resilience of fertilization and embryogenesis within predicted climate change scenarios, with negative effects at upper limits of ocean warming. Our findings place single stressor studies in context and emphasize the need for experiments that address ocean warming and acidification concurrently. Although ocean acidification research has focused on impaired calcification, embryos may not reach the skeletogenic stage in a warm ocean.

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Short and long term consequences of larval stage exposure to constantly and ephemerally elevated carbon dioxide for marine bivalve populations

Biogeosciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/bgd-9-15901-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 15901-15936

Author(s):

C. J. Gobler ◽

S. C. Talmage

Keyword(s):

Larval Development ◽

Larval Stage ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Larval Growth ◽

Marine Bivalve ◽

High Co2 ◽

Legacy Effect ◽

Bivalve Larvae ◽

Co2 Concentrations

Abstract. While larval bivalves are highly sensitive to ocean acidification, the basis for this sensitivity and the longer term implications of this sensitivity are unclear. Experiments were performed to assess the short term (days) and long term (months) consequences of larval stage exposure to varying CO2 concentrations for calcifying bivalves. Higher CO2 concentrations depressed both calcification rates assessed using 45Ca uptake and RNA:DNA ratios in Mercenaria mercenaria and Argopecten irradians larvae with RNA:DNA ratios being highly correlated with larval growth rates r2 > 0.9). These findings suggested that high CO2 has a cascading negative physiological impact on bivalve larvae stemming in part from lower calcification rates. Exposure to elevated CO2 during the first four days of larval development significantly depressed A. irradians larval survival rates, while a 10 day exposure later in larval development did not, demonstrating the extreme CO2-sensitivity of bivalve larvae during first days of development. Short- (weeks) and long-term (10 month) experiments revealed that individuals surviving exposure to high CO2 during larval development grew faster when exposed to normal CO2 as juveniles compared to individuals reared under ambient CO2 as larvae. These increased growth rates could not, however, overcome size differences established during larval development, as size deficits of individuals exposed to even moderate levels of CO2 as larvae were evident even after 10 months of growth under normal CO2 concentrations. This `legacy effect' emphasizes the central role larval stage CO2 exposure can play in shaping the success of modern day bivalve populations.

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Juvenile growth of the tropical sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus exposed to near-future ocean acidification scenarios

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology ◽

10.1016/j.jembe.2012.05.017 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 426-427 ◽

pp. 12-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Rebecca Albright ◽

Charnelle Bland ◽

Phillip Gillette ◽

Joseph E. Serafy ◽

Chris Langdon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ocean Acidification ◽

Sea Urchin ◽

Lytechinus Variegatus ◽

Juvenile Growth ◽

Tropical Sea ◽

Near Future

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Optimization of breeding output for larval stage of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae): prospects for the creation and maintenance of laboratory colony from wild isolates

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485310000349 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 101 (3) ◽

pp. 259-269 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

T. Tchuinkam ◽

M. Mpoame ◽

B. Make-Mveinhya ◽

F. Simard ◽

E. Lélé-Defo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anopheles Gambiae ◽

Larval Development ◽

Surface Area ◽

Food Quality ◽

Larval Stage ◽

Larval Density ◽

Larval Growth ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Pollution Level ◽

Optimal Values

AbstractDomesticating anopheline species from wild isolates provides an important laboratory tool but requires detailed knowledge of their natural biology and ecology, especially the natural breeding habitats of immature stages. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal values of some parameters of Anopheles gambiae larval development, so as to design a standard rearing protocol of highland isolates, which would ensure: the biggest fourth instars, the highest pupae productivity, the shortest duration of the larval stage and the best synchronization of pupation. The density of larvae, the size of breeding water and the quantity of food supplied were tested for their effect on larval growth. Moreover, three cheap foodstuffs were selected and tested for their capability to improve the breeding yield versus TetraMin® as the standard control. The larval density was a very sensitive parameter. Its optimal value, which was found to be ≈1 cm−2 surface area, yielded a daily pupation peak of 38.7% on day 8 post-oviposition, and a global pupae productivity of 78.7% over a duration range of three days. Anopheles gambiae's larval growth, survival and developmental synchronization were density-dependent, and this species responded to overcrowding by producing smaller fourth instars and fewer pupae, over elongated immature lifetime and duration range of pupae occurrence, as a consequence of intraspecific competition. While shallow breeding waters (<3 cm) produced a higher number of pupae than deeper ones, no effect of the breeding habitat's absolute surface area on larval development was observed. Increasing the daily food supply improved the pupae productivity but also boosted the water pollution level (which was assessed by the biological oxygen demand (BOD) and the chemical oxygen demand (COD)) up to a limit depending on the food quality, above which a rapid increase in larval mortality was recorded. The food quality that could substitute the manufactured baby fish food was obtained with weighed mixture of 1 wheat+1 shrimp+2 fish. On establishing an anopheline mosquito colony in the laboratory, special care should be taken to design and maintain the appropriate optimal values of larval density, water depth, daily diet quantity and nutritional quality.

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Effect of near-future seawater temperature rises on sea urchin sperm longevity

Marine and Freshwater Research ◽

10.1071/mf12121 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

M. T. Binet ◽

C. J. Doyle

Keyword(s):

Sea Urchin ◽

Marine Invertebrates ◽

Seawater Temperature ◽

Mitochondrial Activity ◽

Marine Life ◽

Fertilisation Success ◽

Sperm Longevity ◽

The Impact ◽

Near Future ◽

Sea Urchin Sperm

Global warming has and will continue to warm the world’s oceans, which may have detrimental consequences for marine life. Studies assessing the impact of climate-change stressors on early life-stages of marine invertebrates have focussed on immediate fertilisation success or larval development, but have so far not considered gamete longevity. Recent studies have suggested that sea urchin fertilisation can take place for several hours, as dilute spermatozoa can travel to fertilise distant eggs, making gamete longevity an important factor in fertilisation success for some species. The longevity of spermatozoa from Heliocidaris tuberculata was assessed over a 3-h exposure to current ambient (20°C), near-future (24°C) and future (26°C) ocean-temperature scenarios. Sperm mitochondrial activity was also measured throughout the 3-h exposure using the stain Rhodamine 123 (Rh123) and flow cytometry. Sperm longevity, based on fertilisation success, significantly decreased following a 1-h exposure at 26°C, or a 3-h exposure at 24°C, relative to the 20°C treatment. However, sperm mitochondrial activity did not correlate with fertilisation success. Even when fertilisation success was below 20%, Rh123 uptake remained above 80%, indicating the presence of active mitochondria in non-viable spermatozoa. Our results suggested that at projected sea-surface temperatures, the longevity of sea urchin spermatozoa is reduced, which may have consequences for sea urchin population dynamics.

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