scholarly journals Long-term changes in coastal zoobenthos in the northern Baltic Sea: the role of abiotic environmental factors

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 440-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heta Rousi ◽  
Ari O. Laine ◽  
Heikki Peltonen ◽  
Pentti Kangas ◽  
Ann-Britt Andersin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Macoma Balthica ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Abiotic Environmental Factors

Abstract Rousi, H., Laine, A. O., Peltonen, H., Kangas, P., Andersin, A-B., Rissanen, J., Sandberg-Kilpi, E., and Bonsdorff, E. 2013. Long-term changes in coastal zoobenthos in the northern Baltic Sea: the role of abiotic environmental factors – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 440–451. We investigated site-specific changes in a coastal zoobenthic community during 1964–2007 in the northern Baltic Sea. Multivariate analysis indicated that the community structure had changed. The amphipods Monoporeia affinis and Pontoporeia femorata decreased drastically in the late 1970s–early 1980s, and by the early 1990s P. femorata vanished and M. affinis abundance was low. The decline of M. affinis and P. femorata was followed by an increase of the bivalve Macoma balthica and the arrival of the polychaete genus Marenzelleria in the 1990s. Trend analyses showed a rising trend for near-bottom temperature from the late 1960s. There was a significant decline in salinity during the early 1980s, which stabilized during the early 1990s. A negative trend was observed for oxygen concentration during the entire study period. There were interannual variations in the phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations, and a step-like increase in phosphorus concentration at the beginning of the 21st century. The correlations of temperature, salinity, oxygen, total phosphorus and nitrogen with zoobenthic communities were examined using Constrained Correspondence Analysis. Temperature was the most highly correlated explanatory variable for the benthic species. The study highlights the importance of long-term data sets in assessing the state and ecological processes of zoobenthic systems.

scholarly journals Mitochondria May Mediate Prenatal Environmental Influences in Autism Spectrum Disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Richard E. Frye ◽  
Janet Cakir ◽  
Shannon Rose ◽  
Raymond F. Palmer ◽  
Christine Austin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Targeted Therapeutics ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Long Term Changes

We propose that the mitochondrion, an essential cellular organelle, mediates the long-term prenatal environmental effects of disease in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Many prenatal environmental factors which increase the risk of developing ASD influence mitochondria physiology, including toxicant exposures, immune activation, and nutritional factors. Unique types of mitochondrial dysfunction have been associated with ASD and recent studies have linked prenatal environmental exposures to long-term changes in mitochondrial physiology in children with ASD. A better understanding of the role of the mitochondria in the etiology of ASD can lead to targeted therapeutics and strategies to potentially prevent the development of ASD.

scholarly journals Impact of Environmental Factors on Stilbene Biosynthesis

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Alessio Valletta ◽  
Lorenzo Maria Iozia ◽  
Francesca Leonelli
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Organ Cultures ◽  
Related Plant ◽  
Valuable Compounds ◽  
Stilbene Compounds ◽  
Stilbene Biosynthesis ◽  
Abiotic Environmental Factors

Stilbenes are a small family of polyphenolic secondary metabolites that can be found in several distantly related plant species. These compounds act as phytoalexins, playing a crucial role in plant defense against phytopathogens, as well as being involved in the adaptation of plants to abiotic environmental factors. Among stilbenes, trans-resveratrol is certainly the most popular and extensively studied for its health properties. In recent years, an increasing number of stilbene compounds were subjected to investigations concerning their bioactivity. This review presents the most updated knowledge of the stilbene biosynthetic pathway, also focusing on the role of several environmental factors in eliciting stilbenes biosynthesis. The effects of ultraviolet radiation, visible light, ultrasonication, mechanical stress, salt stress, drought, temperature, ozone, and biotic stress are reviewed in the context of enhancing stilbene biosynthesis, both in planta and in plant cell and organ cultures. This knowledge may shed some light on stilbene biological roles and represents a useful tool to increase the accumulation of these valuable compounds.

TGF-β1-Induced Long-Term Changes in Neuronal Excitability in Aplysia Sensory Neurons Depend on MAPK

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 3286-3290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeannie Chin ◽  
Rong-Yu Liu ◽  
Leonard J. Cleary ◽  
Arnold Eskin ◽  
John H. Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Neuron ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Neuronal Excitability ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Camp Response Element Binding ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Tgf Β1

Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) plays important roles in the early development of the nervous system and has been implicated in neuronal plasticity in adult organisms. It induces long-term increases in sensory neuron excitability in Aplysia as well as a long-term enhancement of synaptic efficacy at sensorimotor synapses. In addition, TGF-β1 acutely regulates synapsin phosphorylation and reduces synaptic depression induced by low-frequency stimuli. Because of the critical role of MAPK in other forms of long-term plasticity in Aplysia, we examined the role of MAPK in TGF-β1-induced long-term changes in neuronal excitability. Prolonged (6 h) exposure to TGF-β1 induced long-term increases in excitability. We confirmed this finding and now report that exposure to TGF-β1 was sufficient to activate MAPK and increase nuclear levels of active MAPK. Moreover, TGF-β1 enhanced phosphorylation of the Aplysia transcriptional activator cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)1, a homologue to vertebrate CREB. Both the TGF-β1-induced long-term changes in neuronal excitability and the phosphorylation of CREB1 were blocked in the presence of an inhibitor of the MAPK cascade, confirming a role for MAPK in long-term modulation of sensory neuron function.

scholarly journals Cope's Rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Lamsdell ◽  
Simon J. Braddy
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Large Body Size ◽  
Causal Mechanisms ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Cope’S Rule ◽  
Abiotic Environmental Factors

Gigantism is widespread among Palaeozoic arthropods, yet causal mechanisms, particularly the role of (abiotic) environmental factors versus (biotic) competition, remain unknown. The eurypterids (Arthropoda: Chelicerata) include the largest arthropods; gigantic predatory pterygotids (Eurypterina) during the Siluro-Devonian and bizarre sweep-feeding hibbertopterids (Stylonurina) from the Carboniferous to end-Permian. Analysis of family-level originations and extinctions among eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates show that the diversity of Eurypterina waned during the Devonian, while the Placodermi radiated, yet Stylonurina remained relatively unaffected; adopting a sweep-feeding strategy they maintained their large body size by avoiding competition, and persisted throughout the Late Palaeozoic while the predatory nektonic Eurypterina (including the giant pterygotids) declined during the Devonian, possibly out-competed by other predators including jawed vertebrates.

Long‐term changes in the phytobenthos of the southern Åland Islands, northern Baltic Sea

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Floriaan Eveleens Maarse ◽  
Sonja Salovius‐Laurén ◽  
Martin Snickars
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Long Term Changes

scholarly journals The role of climate and fisheries on the temporal changes in the Bothnian Bay foodweb

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 1739-1749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeynep Pekcan-Hekim ◽  
Anna Gårdmark ◽  
Agnes M. L. Karlson ◽  
Pirkko Kauppila ◽  
Mikaela Bergenius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Key Species ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Spawning Stock ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Bothnian Bay

Abstract Climate change, eutrophication, and fishing are main pressures associated with changes in the abiotic and biotic environment in several sub-basins of the Baltic Sea. Identifying the nature of such changes is of relative importance for fisheries and environmental management. The Bothnian Bay is the northernmost sub-basin in the Baltic Sea and the responses of the foodweb to long-term changes in combined pressures have not been investigated. In this study, we explore long-term changes in the Bothnian Bay foodweb, represented by key species across all trophic levels over the past 34 years, and identify potential environmental and anthropogenic drivers. The results indicate that salinity is the most important driver to explain changes in the composition of the offshore biota in the Bothnian Bay. These changes are probably driven by indirect effects of salinity rather than bottom-up effects. A decline in the herring spawning-stock biomass was most plausibly attributed to an increased competition for food due to a parallel increase in vendace, which uses the same food resources (zooplankton and zoobenthos) and may benefit from declining salinity due to its limnic origin. A strong increase in the abundance of grey seal and ringed seal populations was seen in the late 2000s but was not related to any of the pressure variables analysed. Temperature and nutrients were not identified as important drivers of changes in the overall biota. Our study explores correlative relationships between variables and identifies potential interactions in the foodweb to generate hypotheses for further studies.

The role of connectivity in Australian conservation

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 266 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Soulé ◽  
B. G. Mackey ◽  
H. F. Recher ◽  
J. E. Williams ◽  
J. C. Z. Woinarski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Ecological Resilience ◽  
Landscape Permeability ◽  
Conservation Assessment ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Trophic Relations ◽  
Scientific Framework

The existing system of nature reserves in Australia is inadequate for the long-term conservation and restoration of native biological diversity because it fails to accommodate, among other elements, large scale and long-term ecological processes and change, including physical and biotic transport in the landscape. This paper is an overview of the connectivity elements that inform a scientific framework for significantly improving the prospects for the long-term conservation of Australia's biodiversity. The framework forms the basis for the WildCountry programme. This programme has identified connectivity at landscape, regional and continental scales as a critical component of an effective conservation system. Seven categories of ecological phenomena are reviewed that require landscape permeability and that must be considered when planning for the maintenance of biological diversity and ecological resilience in Australia: (1) trophic relations at regional scales; (2) animal migration, dispersal, and other large scale movements of individuals and propagules; (3) fire and other forms of disturbance at regional scales; (4) climate variability in space and time and human forced rapid climate change; (5) hydroecological relations and flows at all scales; (6) coastal zone fluxes of organisms, matter, and energy; and, (7) spatially-dependent evolutionary processes at all scales. Finally, we mention eight cross-cutting themes that further illuminate the interactions and implications of the seven connectivity-related phenomena for conservation assessment, planning, research, and management, and we suggest how the results might be applied by analysts, planners, scientists, and community conservationists.

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