Genetic diversity of Malus Mill. in the collection plantings of the Experimental pomology station named after L. P. Symyrenko

Gene pool of apple trees of the Experimental Station of Pomology named after L. P. Symyrenko IS of NAAS of Ukraine is supported in the “field gene bank” and has more than 1260 samples. The main task that gene banks solve is to preserve the genetic diversity of plants for present and future generations of people. As a result of attracting new samples to the collection and studying the imported introduced material, the selected sources of economically valuable traits are transferred for further inclusion in the selection programs of other research institutions. The genetic potential of apple productivity and resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental factors is far from exhausted.

Different origin soft spring wheat varieties and lines comparative analysis

This work is devoted to the study of spring soft wheat samples collection material. Eighty collection specimens were evaluated, divided by their origin into four groups. The assessment was carried out according to the limiting characteristics for spring wheat: high productivity, stable over the years, resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental factors. A two-year field test made it possible to compare different groups in terms of yield, and to identify the most promising varieties and lines for the conditions of the Central Non-Black Earth Region. The evaluation of the collection samples of origin various groups showed that the varieties and lines of their own selection were the most adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of the Central Non-Chernozem region. The new lines of spring wheat, along with a high level of yield, showed resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors. Varieties of foreign selection are distinguished by a strong non-spreading stem, high density of the stem, as well as high resistance to the most harmful leaf diseases. Of particular interest are the varieties of the Belarusian selection Darya, Dalech, Viza, Rostan with a high yield potential at the level of 5.0-6.0 t/ha.

Alfalfa breeding to increase productivity, disease resistance

The cultivation of alfalfa varieties that are relatively resistant to the effects of negative biotic and abiotic environmental factors sharply reduces crop losses and the cost of forage. Work on the study of productivity, disease susceptibility of alfalfa, longevity, as well as the creation of a promising source material has been carried out by us for more than 30 years under natural conditions and against an artificial background, in clean sowing and in a grass mixture, on acidic soils and at normal acidity. Long-term work made it possible to identify and create in this culture sources of resistance to fusarium, brown spot with increased productivity and use them in further breeding work.

ECOLOGICAL BASIS FOR THE CREATION OF BIOSPHERE RESERVES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The ecological foundations of the creation of some biosphere reserves of the Russian Federation are analyzed. The article focuses on the influence of abiotic environmental factors on the species of organisms and ecosystems in general. The patterns of vegetation distribution, the time of creation and the functional role of the reserve, and the status of the biosphere reserve are revealed.

Influence of experimental storage conditions of spores of Floating fern (Salvinia natans (L.) All., Salviniaceae Martinov) on the reproduction of the species

Salvinia natans is a heterospore annual aquatic fern from the Salviniaceae family. Increasing the spores’ viability by storage simulations is the basis for creating fern spore banks. In this aspect, S. natans appears to be an unconventional subject. Between October and August 2019–2020 we conducted an experiment on the storage of S. natans spore production for 4 months in 12 combinations of abiotic factors (lighting water content – temperature) and subsequent sporesgermination during the spring – summer under the same conditions of natural temperature regime, natural light and thepresence of water. The spore production viability was assessed by the time of megasporangia germination and the numberof new individuals in each storage option. We established that the of the S. natans reproduction occurs successfully witha natural combination of abiotic environmental factors – a gradually changing temperature with winter freezing, naturallight, and the presence of sporangia in water. Storage has a beneficial effect during stratification (+ 5 °C, water) and in thecombination of factors “natural temperature – dark – dry”. Early germination and the appearance of the maximum number of new individuals in these three wintering options indicate that S. natans adapts to the seasonal climate with low winter temperatures and warm summers. Dormancy of S. natans spores belongs to the forced type. Dry storage delayed germination of megasporangia for a period of two weeks to a month. The dormancy of S. natans spores belongs to the forcedtype, since the content of sporangia in water in the light and at room temperature showed the possibility of the appearanceof new individuals in October-November.

Environmental–biomechanical reciprocity and the evolution of plant material properties

Abiotic–biotic interactions have shaped organic evolution since life first began. Abiotic factors influence growth, survival, and reproductive success, whereas biotic responses to abiotic factors have changed the physical environment (and indeed created new environments). This reciprocity is well illustrated by land plants who begin and end their existence in the same location while growing in size over the course of years or even millennia, during which environment factors change over many orders of magnitude. A biomechanical, ecological, and evolutionary perspective reveals that plants are (i) composed of materials (cells and tissues) that function as cellular solids (i.e. materials composed of one or more solid and fluid phases); (ii) that have evolved greater rigidity (as a consequence of chemical and structural changes in their solid phases); (iii) allowing for increases in body size and (iv) permitting acclimation to more physiologically and ecologically diverse and challenging habitats; which (v) have profoundly altered biotic as well as abiotic environmental factors (e.g. the creation of soils, carbon sequestration, and water cycles). A critical component of this evolutionary innovation is the extent to which mechanical perturbations have shaped plant form and function and how form and function have shaped ecological dynamics over the course of evolution.

Content of the main components of essential oil in the needles of Scots pine growing in geographic cultures

The aim of the research is to analyze the content of terpenes in the needles of trees of climatic ecotypes of Scots pine growing in geographic forest crops and to reveal the differences in the level of essential oils. The object of the research is 17 Scots pine climatypes growing in geographical plantations on the territory of the Negorelsk Educational and Experimental Forestry Enterprise of the Minsk region in Belarus. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of Scots pine needles essential oil was carried out by gas-liquid chromatography without preliminary fractionation on chromatograph "Kristall 5000.1". In the studied climatypes of Scots pine, different levels of essential oil content among monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and oxygen-containing groups were determined, as well as significant differences in the content of a number of components within the studied groups were revealed. The highest yield of essential oil is observed in the subspecies of the European Western Scots pine - 1.9%, slightly lower than this indicator in the forest-steppe subspecies (1.7%). This indicator was significantly lower in the European Eastern pine variety - 1.1% and the Siberian subspecies - 1.0%. The obtained data on the composition of essential oil and the ratio of a number of components among subspecies and varieties of Scots pine (subspecies: Lapland, Siberian, forest-steppe, European; varieties: European western and eastern) will further select the most promising climatic ecotypes and subspecies for selection resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental factors, taking into account the growth and productivity of stands. Information on the content of essential oil components in the needles of climatypes and subspecies of Scots pine makes it possible to expand knowledge in the field of plant resistance, their safety and growth, especially in the context of the outlined climate change. Key words: component composition, extractives, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, geographical plantations, climatic ecotype.

Petropavlivska – a new variety of edible buckwheat, with increased seed productivity and adaptivity in the conditions of the Forest-steppe

Actuality. Buckwheat is a valuable food crop with unique medicinal and dietary properties of cereal and the ability to reduce radiation damage, traditional for Ukraine. Despite this, the sown area under buckwheat is insufficient to meet the needs of the population of our country. Under the conditions of climate change, breeders face an acute question regarding the creation of competitive, highly productive varieties of edible buckwheat with increased adaptive potential. Goal. Based on the results of the competitive test of 2018–2020, to select the best high- yielding breeding sample with increased adaptive potential to biotic and abiotic environmental factors in the conditions of the northern part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Research methods. Field, laboratory, measuring and weighing. Processing the results of experimental studies was performed using Microsoft Excel 2010. Results. According to the results of the competitive test of 2018-2020 selected a breeding sample p-4/13, which over the years of competitive testing significantly exceeded the standard by 95% probability, variety Olha, and proved to be a highly productive population with high adaptive potential. This population in 2020 was transferred to the Ukrainian Institute of Plant Variety Examination for state qualification examination (Application № 20008003 dated 10.11.2020) as a new variety of buckwheat Petropavlivska. Conclusions. A highly productive, early- ripening, determinant variety of edible buckwheat Petropavlivska was created, with biological grain yield of 2.2–2.5 t / ha, weight of 1000 grains of 28.9 g, grain uniformity of 85–88%, grain yield of 72%, protein content of 14,7–15.2%. The variety is resistant to lodging and shedding.

Biochemical composition of peach fruits in the subtropical regions of Russia

The research results of studies into different peach varieties grown on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory and distinguished by high biochemical characteristics are presented. The research was carried out to identify promising peach varieties with different ripening periods and relative resistance to abiotic environmental factors. This work aimed to assess the biochemical composition of Persica vulgaris (Mill.) fruits. The peach varieties listed below were the focus of this study. A high quantity of ascorbic acid (from 11.30 to 16.16 mg%) was revealed in the fruits of the following varieties: Amsden, Redhaven, Veteran, Early Red, Springold, Larisa, Lebedev, Mainred, Slavny and Stark Earley White. The low content of this vitamin (9.21-10.05 mg%) was measured in Madeleine Pouillet (very early ripening), Sunbeam (medium ripening) and Anton Chekhov (late ripening) varieties. This is significantly lower (on average 6.53 mg%) compared to other varieties and to the control Redhaven variety, for which the value was 2.38 mg%. The maximum content of total sugar (8.66-12.11 %) was detected for Lebedev, Earley Red, Redhaven, Larisa and Veteran, whereas the minimum content (6.15-7.33 %) was noted for Madeleine Pouillet, Amsden, Stark Earley White, Collins, Mainred, Anton Chekhov and Glorious. The free acidity of the fruit according to the experiment was at the level of 0.67–1.39 %. High acidity was noted in the Springold, Amsden, Collins, Sunbeam and Slavny varieties. The content of soluble solids ranged between 11.00-15.50 %. The sugar-acid ratio, which indicates the degree of sweetness of peach fruits, corresponded to 5.65-14.58 units. The tasting assessment of the fruit was between 3.5 to 4.8 (on a five-point scale). The varieties having high biochemical parameters of the fruit and are most resistant to weather and climate changes have been identified: Redhaven, Earley Red, Lebedev, Larisa and Veteran.