scholarly journals Risk of oil contamination of fish eggs and larvae under different oceanic and weather conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 1902-1916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Samuelsen ◽  
Ute Daewel ◽  
Cecilie Wettre
Keyword(s):  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Oil Contamination ◽  
Drift Model ◽  
High Risk Situation ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

Abstract An oil drift model is applied to determine the spread of oil spills from different locations along ship lanes off southern Norway every month for 20 years. These results are combined with results from an egg- and larvae drift model for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) to determine their risk of being impacted by oil. The number of eggs and larvae exposed to oil contamination is connected to environmental conditions. The highest risk of overlap between an oil spill and cod in early life stages occurs during March and April when the eggs and larvae concentrations are highest. Spills off the west coast pose a greater risk because of the ship lanes’ proximity to the spawning grounds, but there is large interannual variability. For some spill locations the interannual variability can be explained by variability in wind and ocean currents. Simultaneously occurring onshore transports lead to a high-risk situation because both oil and larvae are concentrated towards the coast. This study demonstrates how results from oil drift and biological models can be combined to estimate the risks of oil contamination for marine organisms, based on the location and timing of the oil spill, weather/ocean conditions, and knowledge of the organisms’ life cycle.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal overlap of oil spills and early life stages of fish

2013 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 970-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frode B. Vikebø ◽  
Petter Rønningen ◽  
Vidar S. Lien ◽  
Sonnich Meier ◽  
Mark Reed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Individual Offspring ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Vertical Distribution ◽  
Eggs And Larvae ◽  
Vertical Positioning

Abstract Coupling an oil drift and fates model (Oscar) in an offline environment with an individual-based model (IBM) for Northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua) eggs and larvae enables us to quantify the exposure of eggs and larvae to oil from various oil spill scenarios. Oscar describes the spatio-temporal dispersal and fate of hydrocarbons, whereas the egg and larval IBM integrates the exposure of each individual. We can thus evaluate the effects of the time and location of an oil spill on the degree of exposure for individuals from different spawning grounds (SGs). In addition, we quantify how this effect is modified by the dynamic vertical positioning of eggs and the vertical behaviour of larvae. The principal findings of the study indicate that the mean egg and larval exposures for individuals from different SGs are highly dependent on the time and location of the spill and the vertical distribution of the offspring. Approximately 9.9, 4.7, 3.5, and 0.4% of the offspring would experience total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (TPAH) concentrations above 1 µg l−1 (parts per billion, ppb) for oil spill scenarios situated at Haltenbanken, Lofoten, and Vesterålen near the coast and near the shelf edge, respectively, based on the maximum TPAH concentrations in the water column along the individual offspring trajectories.

scholarly journals Effect of solar ultraviolet radiation (280–400 nm) on the eggs and larvae of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1058-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
France Béland ◽  
Howard I Browman ◽  
Carolina Alonso Rodriguez ◽  
Jean-François St-Pierre
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Outdoor Exposure ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Solar Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Mortality Effect ◽  
Eggs And Larvae ◽  
Very High ◽  
Solar Ultraviolet

In the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada, solar ultraviolet B radiation (UV-B, 280-320 nm) penetrates a significant percentage of the summer mixed-layer water column: organisms residing in this layer, such as the eggs of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), are exposed to UV-B. In outdoor exposure experiments, Atlantic cod eggs were incubated in the presence versus the absence of UV-B and (or) UV-A (320-400 nm). We tested two hypotheses: H1, UV-B induces mortality in Atlantic cod eggs, and H2, UV-A either exacerbates or mitigates any such UV-B-induced mortality. Hypothesis H1 was supported: there was a significant mortality effect on Atlantic cod eggs exposed to UV-B at the surface and at a depth of 50 cm. Hypothesis H2 was not supported: there was no effect of UV-A. These experiments indicate that Atlantic cod eggs present in the first metre of the water column (likely only a small percentage of the total egg population) are susceptible to UV-B. However, UV-B must be viewed as only one among many environmental factors that produce the very high levels of mortality typically observed in the planktonic early life stages of marine fishes.

Benthic Habitats and the Effects of Fishing

2005 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Fish Habitat ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Habitat Features ◽  
The Irish Sea ◽  
Belfast Lough ◽  
Existing Data

<strong><em>Abstract. </em><strong>Fishers have often complained that standard United Kingdom groundfish survey data do not adequately reflect the grounds targeted by commercial fishers, and hence, scientists tend to make overcautious estimates of fish abundance. Such criticisms are of particular importance if we are to make a creditable attempt to classify potential essential fish habitat (EFH) using existing data from groundfish surveys. Nevertheless, these data sets provide a powerful tool to examine temporal abundance of fish on a large spatial scale. Here, we report a questionnaire-type survey of fishers (2001–2002) that invited them to plot the location of grounds of key importance in the Irish Sea and to comment on key habitat features that might constitute EFH for Atlantic cod <em>Gadus morhua</em>, haddock <em>Melanogrammus aeglefinus</em>, and European whiting <em>Merlangius merlangus</em>. Plotted grounds were cross-checked using records of vessel sightings by fishery protection aircraft (1985–1999). A comparison of the areas of seabed highlighted by fishers and the observations made on groundfish surveys were broadly compatible for all three species of gadoids examined. Both methods indicated important grounds for cod and European whiting off northern Wales, the Ribble estuary, Solway Firth, north of Dublin, and Belfast Lough. The majority of vessel sightings by aircraft did not match the areas plotted by fishers. However, fishing restrictions, adverse weather conditions, and seasonal variation of fish stocks may have forced fishers to operate outside their favored areas on the (few) occasions that they had been recorded by aircraft. Fishers provided biological observations that were consistent among several independent sources (e.g., the occurrence of haddock over brittle star [ophiuroid] beds). We conclude that fishers’ knowledge is a useful supplement to existing data sets that can better focus more detailed EFH studies.

Biochemical composition and performance of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) eggs and larvae obtained from farmed and wild broodstocks

Aquaculture ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 324-325 ◽  
pp. 267-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Frederico Ceccon Lanes ◽  
Teshome Tilahun Bizuayehu ◽  
Sylvie Bolla ◽  
Camila Martins ◽  
Jorge Manuel de Oliveira Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Composition ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

Survival of Northern Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) Eggs and Larvae when Exposed to Ice and Low Temperature

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 2588-2595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul F. Valerio ◽  
Sally V. Goddard ◽  
Ming H. Kao ◽  
Garth L. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Newfoundland And Labrador ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Freeze Resistance ◽  
Northern Cod ◽  
Northern Atlantic ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

Freeze resistance of eggs and larvae of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from the northern cod stock was investigated to determine whether ice contact could affect survival during the spring spawning season off Newfoundland. Egg and larval homogenates did not appear to contain antifreeze proteins (mean freezing points −0.78 and −0.88 °C, respectively). However, cod eggs did not freeze at −1.8 °C in icy aerated seawater, could be undercooled to −4.0 °C in ice, and froze at temperatures between −4.1 and −1 7 °C; freeze resistance depended on the integrity of the chorion. Larvae withstood undercooling to −1.8 °C, provided they were not brought into direct contact with ice crystals, if directly touched with ice, larvae froze at −1.36 °C (feeding stage) or −1.34 °C (yolk-sac), approximately 0.5 °C lower than would be expected from the freezing temperatures of their body fluids. The nature of their external epithelium and delayed development of sensitive gill structures below 0 °C may contribute to larval freeze resistance. Cod eggs and larvae are found in spring off Newfoundland and Labrador, when sea temperatures can be as low as −1.8 °C and ice cover extensive. While cod eggs are remarkably freeze resistant, such environmental conditions may cause freezing mortalities in larval cod.

scholarly journals The effect of vertical mixing on the horizontal drift of oil spills

Ocean Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1581-1601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Röhrs ◽  
Knut-Frode Dagestad ◽  
Helene Asbjørnsen ◽  
Tor Nordam ◽  
Jørgen Skancke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Horizontal Transport ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Drift Behavior ◽  
A Chain

Abstract. Vertical and horizontal transport mechanisms for marine oil spills are investigated using numerical model simulations. To realistically resolve the 3-D development of a spill on the ocean surface and in the water column, recently published parameterizations for the vertical mixing of oil spills are implemented in the open-source trajectory framework OpenDrift (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1300358, last access: 7 April 2018). The parameterizations include the wave entrainment of oil, two alternative formulations for the droplet size spectra, and turbulent mixing. The performance of the integrated oil spill model is evaluated by comparing model simulations with airborne observations of an oil slick. The results show that an accurate description of a chain of physical processes, in particular vertical mixing and oil weathering, is needed to represent the horizontal spreading of the oil spill. Using ensembles of simulations of hypothetic oil spills, the general drift behavior of an oil spill during the first 10 days after initial spillage is evaluated in relation to how vertical processes control the horizontal transport. Transport of oil between the surface slick and the water column is identified as a crucial component affecting the horizontal transport of oil spills. The vertical processes are shown to control differences in the drift of various types of oil and in various weather conditions.

scholarly journals The effect of vertical mixing on the horizontal drift of oil spills

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Röhrs ◽  
Knut-Frode Dagestad ◽  
Helene Asbjørnsen ◽  
Tor Nordam ◽  
Jørgen Skancke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Size Spectra ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Horizontal Transport ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Drift Behavior ◽  
A Chain

Abstract. Vertical and horizontal transport mechanisms of marine oil spills are investigated using numerical model simulations. To realistically resolve the 3D-development of a spill on the ocean surface and in the water column, recently published parameterizations for the vertical mixing of oil spills are implemented in the open source trajectory framework OpenDrift1. These encompass the wave-entrainment of oil, two alternative formulations for the droplet size spectra, and turbulent mixing. The performance of the integrated oil spill model is evaluated by comparing model simulations with airborne observations of an oil slick. The results show that an accurate description of a chain of physical processes, in particular vertical mixing and oil weathering, is needed to represent the horizontal spreading of the oil spill. Using ensembles of simulations of hypothetic oil spills, the general drift behavior of an oil spill during the first 10 days after initial spillage is evaluated in relation to how vertical processes control the horizontal transport. Vertical mixing of oil between the surface slick and entrained oil is identified as a crucial component affecting the horizontal transport of oil spills. The vertical processes are shown to control differences in the drift of various types of oil and in various weather conditions. 1 https://github.com/opendrift/opendrift

International Cooperation in Oil Spill Response

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Nichols ◽  
T. H. Moller
Keyword(s):  
International Cooperation ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
International Convention ◽  
Specialized Equipment ◽  
Favorable Weather

ABSTRACT Effective response to a major marine oil spill occasionally calls for specialized equipment, personnel, and expertise that is beyond the capability of the country or company concerned. In recognition of this fact, a new International Convention on International Cooperation in Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response has been developed under the auspices of the International Maritime Organization. There is already considerable potential for international cooperation through existing regional conventions and agreements, and other less formal arrangements. This cooperation involves governmental agencies, the oil and shipping industries, commercial companies, insurers, intergovernmental organizations, and international industry organizations. This will be illustrated by reference to two recent major oil spills in Europe where this international cooperation proved very successful. The first involved the cleanup of some 15,000 metric tons of heavy crude oil that impacted the holiday island of Porto Santo in the Madeiran archipelago. Cooperation among the Portuguese government, The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation, the tanker's oil pollution insurer, the Commission of the European Communities, and the governments of France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom resulted in the rapid provision of specialized equipment and associated personnel to deal with the major shoreline contamination. The second incident, involving a spill of waste oil from a tanker in the Baltic Sea off the coast of Sweden, resulted in the rapid mobilization of cleanup resources from Sweden, Finland, Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the U.S.S.R. under the terms of the Helsinki Convention. During favorable weather conditions, the combined forces of the five countries were successful in recovering a high percentage of the oil at sea, with the result that the contamination of shorelines was minimal.

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