scholarly journals The effect of vertical mixing on the horizontal drift of oil spills

Ocean Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1581-1601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Röhrs ◽  
Knut-Frode Dagestad ◽  
Helene Asbjørnsen ◽  
Tor Nordam ◽  
Jørgen Skancke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Horizontal Transport ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Drift Behavior ◽  
A Chain

Abstract. Vertical and horizontal transport mechanisms for marine oil spills are investigated using numerical model simulations. To realistically resolve the 3-D development of a spill on the ocean surface and in the water column, recently published parameterizations for the vertical mixing of oil spills are implemented in the open-source trajectory framework OpenDrift (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1300358, last access: 7 April 2018). The parameterizations include the wave entrainment of oil, two alternative formulations for the droplet size spectra, and turbulent mixing. The performance of the integrated oil spill model is evaluated by comparing model simulations with airborne observations of an oil slick. The results show that an accurate description of a chain of physical processes, in particular vertical mixing and oil weathering, is needed to represent the horizontal spreading of the oil spill. Using ensembles of simulations of hypothetic oil spills, the general drift behavior of an oil spill during the first 10 days after initial spillage is evaluated in relation to how vertical processes control the horizontal transport. Transport of oil between the surface slick and the water column is identified as a crucial component affecting the horizontal transport of oil spills. The vertical processes are shown to control differences in the drift of various types of oil and in various weather conditions.

scholarly journals The effect of vertical mixing on the horizontal drift of oil spills

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Röhrs ◽  
Knut-Frode Dagestad ◽  
Helene Asbjørnsen ◽  
Tor Nordam ◽  
Jørgen Skancke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Size Spectra ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Horizontal Transport ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Drift Behavior ◽  
A Chain

Abstract. Vertical and horizontal transport mechanisms of marine oil spills are investigated using numerical model simulations. To realistically resolve the 3D-development of a spill on the ocean surface and in the water column, recently published parameterizations for the vertical mixing of oil spills are implemented in the open source trajectory framework OpenDrift1. These encompass the wave-entrainment of oil, two alternative formulations for the droplet size spectra, and turbulent mixing. The performance of the integrated oil spill model is evaluated by comparing model simulations with airborne observations of an oil slick. The results show that an accurate description of a chain of physical processes, in particular vertical mixing and oil weathering, is needed to represent the horizontal spreading of the oil spill. Using ensembles of simulations of hypothetic oil spills, the general drift behavior of an oil spill during the first 10 days after initial spillage is evaluated in relation to how vertical processes control the horizontal transport. Vertical mixing of oil between the surface slick and entrained oil is identified as a crucial component affecting the horizontal transport of oil spills. The vertical processes are shown to control differences in the drift of various types of oil and in various weather conditions. 1 https://github.com/opendrift/opendrift

OIL SPILL CLEANUP WITH DISPERSANTS: A BOOMED OIL SPILL EXPERIMENT

1981 ◽  
Vol 1981 (1) ◽  
pp. 263-268
Author(s):  
Joseph Buckley ◽  
David Green ◽  
Blair Humphrey
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Oil Droplets ◽  
Oil Boom ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Vertical Density ◽  
Oil Spill Cleanup

ABSTRACT Three experimental oil spills of 200, 400, and 200 litres (l) were conducted in October, 1978, in a semiprotected coastal area on Canada's west coast. The surface slicks were restrained with a Bennett inshore oil boom. The spilled oil was chemically dispersed using Corexit 9527, applied as a 10-percent solution in sea water and sprayed from a boat. The dispersed oil was monitored fluorometrically for some hours. Surface and dispersed oil were sampled for chemical analysis. The highest recorded concentration of dispersed oil was 1 part per million (ppm). After a short time (30 minutes), concentrations around 0.05 ppm were normal, decreasing to background within 5 hours. The concentrations were low compared to those expected for complete dispersion which, as visual observation confirmed, was not achieved. The dispersed oil did not mix deeper into the water column with the passage of time, in contrast to predicted behaviour and in spite of the lack of a significant vertical density gradient in the sea water. This was attributed to the buoyancy of the dispersed oil droplets and the limited vertical turbulence in the coastal locale of the experiment. The integrated quantity of oil in the water column decreased more rapidly than either the mean oil concentration of the cloud or the maximum concentration indicating that some of the dispersed oil was rising back to the surface. The surfacing of dispersed oil was confirmed visually during the experiment. The mixing action of the spray boat and breaker boards apparently created large oil droplets that did not form a stable dispersion. Horizontal diffusion of the dispersed oil was initially more rapid than expected, but the rate of spreading did not increase with time as predicted. The results imply that the scale of diffusion was larger than the scale of turbulence which again can be attributed to the locale of the experiment.

International Cooperation in Oil Spill Response

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Nichols ◽  
T. H. Moller
Keyword(s):  
International Cooperation ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
International Convention ◽  
Specialized Equipment ◽  
Favorable Weather

ABSTRACT Effective response to a major marine oil spill occasionally calls for specialized equipment, personnel, and expertise that is beyond the capability of the country or company concerned. In recognition of this fact, a new International Convention on International Cooperation in Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response has been developed under the auspices of the International Maritime Organization. There is already considerable potential for international cooperation through existing regional conventions and agreements, and other less formal arrangements. This cooperation involves governmental agencies, the oil and shipping industries, commercial companies, insurers, intergovernmental organizations, and international industry organizations. This will be illustrated by reference to two recent major oil spills in Europe where this international cooperation proved very successful. The first involved the cleanup of some 15,000 metric tons of heavy crude oil that impacted the holiday island of Porto Santo in the Madeiran archipelago. Cooperation among the Portuguese government, The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation, the tanker's oil pollution insurer, the Commission of the European Communities, and the governments of France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom resulted in the rapid provision of specialized equipment and associated personnel to deal with the major shoreline contamination. The second incident, involving a spill of waste oil from a tanker in the Baltic Sea off the coast of Sweden, resulted in the rapid mobilization of cleanup resources from Sweden, Finland, Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the U.S.S.R. under the terms of the Helsinki Convention. During favorable weather conditions, the combined forces of the five countries were successful in recovering a high percentage of the oil at sea, with the result that the contamination of shorelines was minimal.

OIL SPILL TREATMENT STRATEGY MODELING FOR GEORGES BANK

1979 ◽  
Vol 1979 (1) ◽  
pp. 685-692
Author(s):  
Peter C. Cornillon ◽  
Malcolm L. Spaulding ◽  
Kurt Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Georges Bank ◽  
Particle In Cell ◽  
Oil Dispersant ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Spill Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Spilled Oil

ABSTRACT As part of a larger project assessing the environmental impact of treated versus untreated oil spills, a fates model has been developed which tracks both the surface and subsurface oil. The approach used to spread, drift, and evaporate the surface slick is similar to that in most other oil spill models. The subsurface technique, however, makes use of a modified particle-in-cell method which diffuses and advects individual oil/dispersant droplets representative of a large number of similar droplets. This scheme predicts the time-dependent oil concentration distribution in the water column, which can then be employed as input to a fisheries population model. In addition to determining the fate of the untreated spill, the model also allows for chemical treatment and/or mechanical cleanup of the spilled oil. With this capability, the effectiveness of different oil spill control and removal strategies can be quantified. The model has been applied to simulate a 34,840 metric ton spill of a No. 2-type oil on Georges Bank. The concentration of oil in the water column and the surface slick trajectory are predicted as a function of time for chemically treated and untreated spills occurring in April and December. In each case, the impact on the cod fishery was determined and is described in detail in a paper by Reed and Spaulding presented at this conference.

scholarly journals South Baltic Oil Spill Response Project (SBOIL)—Development and Implementation of Models of Drift and Fall Trajectories of Biogenic Oil Binders

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9889
Author(s):  
Fokke Saathoff ◽  
Marcus Siewert ◽  
Marcin Przywarty ◽  
Mateusz Bilewski ◽  
Bartosz Muczyński ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Current Response ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
Recovery System ◽  
Oil Spill Response

This paper presents the methodology, assumptions, and functionalities of an application developed during the realization of the project “South Baltic Oil Spill Response through Clean-up with Biogenic Oil Binders” (SBOIL). The SBOIL project is a continuation of the BioBind project, the primary goal of which was to develop and deploy an oil recovery system designed for use in coastal waters and adverse weather conditions. The goal of the SBOIL project was to use this new technology to improve the current response capabilities for cross-border oil spills. The developed application allows for the determination of the position of an aircraft at the time of dropping the oil binders, the determination of the oil binders’ position after falling in terms of a specific aircraft’s position, the determination of the position of oil binders after a certain time in order to plan the action of recovering it from the water surface, and the determination of the time when the binders will be in their assumed position.

scholarly journals Snare Performance for Sunken and Submerged Oil Detection and Monitoring

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M.P. VERFAILLIE ◽  
M.D. GLOEKLER ◽  
N.E. KINNER ◽  
E.A. BALCOM ◽  
C.A. BERNARDY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Current Velocity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Sunken Oil

ABSTRACT - 687127 Most oil spill response strategies, tactics, and equipment are designed to address floating oil. Previous research and historic events have shown that spilled oil can suspend (i.e., submerged oil) or sink (i.e., sunken oil) as a function of the oil's density relative to that of the receiving waters. Processes such as wave action or current velocity, sediment entrainment, and oil weathering (e.g., evaporation) may change the buoyancy of floating oils causing them to submerge or sink. Non-floating oil is more difficult and expensive to detect and poses significant challenges for containment and cleanup. Many existing detection techniques for non-floating oils rely on oleophilic sorbents, such as snare, which are weighted depending upon the oil's location in the water column and then towed behind a vessel in designated transects. Currently, there is no quantitative method to relate the amount of oil collected by snare to the amount of oil encountered during towing. In addition, the dynamics and interactions of towed snare and oil remain largely unknown. To address these knowledge gaps, various components of snare performance have been evaluated since 2016 by the Coastal Response Research Center (CRRC) at the University of New Hampshire (UNH). The research has evaluated: (1) the impacts of temperature, salinity, oil type, and tow velocity on adsorption and desorption of oil to snare, (2) snare dynamics and position in the water column as a function of tow velocity, (3) the impacts of material type and potential alternatives to snare (e.g., mosquito and fishing nets, plastic debris) for lesser developed countries (LDCs), and (4) the interaction of snare with sunken and submerged oil. The results determined: (1) adsorption of oil to snare was best for less viscous oils (No. 6 Fuel Oil) and lower water temperatures (5°C) and desorption was greatest at low temperatures (6°C) and low current velocities (< 1 knot), while salinity had no significant effect. (2) Tow depth for snare arrays decreased with increased velocity unless a vane was used. (3) Optimal spacing of snare on a chain is a function of tow and current velocity, and drag forces on the tow chain. (4) Snare alternatives with greatest potential for sunken oil detection in LDCs were nylon mosquito netting and plastic bags. The findings from this research improves understanding of the behavior of snare and how it interacts with sunken and submerged oil and can improve towing techniques used by oil spill responders, leading to more effective detection.

scholarly journals PEMANFAATAN DATA CITRA SATELIT SENTINEL-1 UNTUK PEMANTAUAN SEBARAN TUMPAHAN MINYAK DI WPP 713

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Komang Iwan Suniada
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Radar Data ◽  
Synthetic Aperture Radar Data ◽  
Indonesian Archipelago ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Management Area ◽  
Length And Area

The Makassar Strait which is a part of the Fisheries Management Area (WPP) 713 and the Indonesian Archipelago Sea Channel (ALKI) II is an economic route that connects the Pacific Ocean in north and Indian Ocean at south through the middle of Indonesia archipelago. The high traffic on this route creates risks to national security, illegal fishing, and environmental pollution due to oil spills. One method that can be used to monitor oil spills in open water is remote sensing satellite with SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) data. The satellite data used in this study is a SAR image from the Sentinel-1 satellite. The advantage of radar satellites is their ability to perform data acquisition during the day or night and in all weather conditions. The method used to detect oil spills is an automatic method found in the SNAP software, while the length and area of the oil spill are calculated using the spatial analysis method which is available in the QGIS software. The results of this study in the Makassar Strait found that there was an oil spill with a length of about 11.7 km and an area of about 22.8 km². The oil spills in this study resemble the characteristics of an oil spill caused by a moving ship.  This incident indicating the violation is suspected to have occurred in the area. Utilization of Sentinel-1 SAR data to monitor illegal oil spills is expected to reduce violations that occur in Indonesian territorial waters.

scholarly journals Risk of oil contamination of fish eggs and larvae under different oceanic and weather conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 1902-1916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Samuelsen ◽  
Ute Daewel ◽  
Cecilie Wettre
Keyword(s):  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Oil Contamination ◽  
Drift Model ◽  
High Risk Situation ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

Abstract An oil drift model is applied to determine the spread of oil spills from different locations along ship lanes off southern Norway every month for 20 years. These results are combined with results from an egg- and larvae drift model for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) to determine their risk of being impacted by oil. The number of eggs and larvae exposed to oil contamination is connected to environmental conditions. The highest risk of overlap between an oil spill and cod in early life stages occurs during March and April when the eggs and larvae concentrations are highest. Spills off the west coast pose a greater risk because of the ship lanes’ proximity to the spawning grounds, but there is large interannual variability. For some spill locations the interannual variability can be explained by variability in wind and ocean currents. Simultaneously occurring onshore transports lead to a high-risk situation because both oil and larvae are concentrated towards the coast. This study demonstrates how results from oil drift and biological models can be combined to estimate the risks of oil contamination for marine organisms, based on the location and timing of the oil spill, weather/ocean conditions, and knowledge of the organisms’ life cycle.

scholarly journals Analysis of The Impact of Weather Conditions on the Effectiveness of Oil Spill Recovery Operation in Simulated Conditions (Pisces II)

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 315-326
Author(s):  
Dorota Jarząbek ◽  
Wiesław Juszkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Relevant Experiment

Abstract The ability to use computer simulation to predict the behavior of oil spills at sea enables better use of available personnel and resources to combat such spills. The use of oil collecting equipment properly selected to suit the conditions is essential for the operation to be effective. Therefore, an attempt is made to verify the influence of weather conditions on the efficiency of oil recovery. Three types of spilled crude oil were simulated. A relevant experiment was conducted on a PISCES II oil spill simulator.

scholarly journals OIL SPILL RATES IN FOUR U.S. COASTAL REGIONS*

1981 ◽  
Vol 1981 (1) ◽  
pp. 677-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Froehlich ◽  
John F. Bellantoni
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Hudson River ◽  
The United States ◽  
Army Corps ◽  
Significant Difference

ABSTRACT The incidence of oil spills of more than 10,000 gallons in the years 1974 through 1977 was compared for four regions in the United States that carry heavy oil traffic: Greater New York-New Jersey, Delaware Bay, the Louisiana coast, and the northern Texas coast. The purpose was to determine whether there was any significant difference in oil spill rates among the four regions. The spill data from the study were drawn from the Pollution Incident Reporting System (PIRS), the records of the National Response Center (NRC), and the Commercial Vessel Casualty File. Oil movement data were obtained from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the United States. A comparison of PIRS and NRC data indicated that neither data source was complete. From the amount of agreement between the two sources and some statistical assumptions, it was estimated that the PIRS data covered about 75 percent of all spills and about 88 percent of all vessel-related spills. The spill rates calculated for the four regions showed no significant differences. However, a significantly higher spill rate was noted for the Hudson River subdivision of the New York-New Jersey region. An examination of the spill reports showed that most of the spills were associated with poor weather conditions, that is, ice or fog.

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