scholarly journals Reflection on modern methods: cause of death decomposition of cohort survival comparisons

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1712-1718
Author(s):  
Vladimir Canudas-Romo ◽  
Tim Adair ◽  
Stefano Mazzuco
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Major Contributor ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Disease Mortality ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Length Of Life ◽  
Cross Sectional Average

Abstract Life expectancy is most commonly measured for a period (corresponding to mortality within a given year) or for a specific birth cohort. Although widely used, period and cohort life expectancy have limitations as their time-trends often show disparities and can mask the historical mortality experience of all cohorts present at a given time. The truncated cross-sectional average length of life, or TCAL, is a period measure including all available cohort mortality information, irrespective of whether all cohort members have died. It is particularly useful for comparing cohort mortality between populations. This study extends TCAL by disentangling causes of death contributions. The strength of the approach is that it allows identification of mortality differences in cohorts with members still alive, as well as identification of which ages and causes of death contribute to mortality differentials between populations. Application of the method to Japan shows that over the period 1950–2014 a major contributor to TCAL differences with other high-longevity countries was its lower cardiovascular disease mortality.

scholarly journals Narrowing sex differences in life expectancy: regional variations, 1971-1991

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Trovato ◽  
N. M. Lalu
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Length Of Life

A number of industrialized nations have recently experienced some degrees of constriction in their long-standing sex differentials in life expectancy at birth. In this study we examine this phenomenon in the context of Canada’s regions between 1971 and 1991: Atlantic (Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island); Quebec, Ontario, and the West (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, Yukon and Northwest Territories). Decomposition analysis based on multiple decrement life tables is applied to address three questions: (1) Are there regional differentials in the degree of narrowing in the sex gap in life expectancy? (2) What is the relative contribution of major causes of death to observed sex differences in average length of life within and across regions? (3) How do the contributions of cause-of-death components vary across regions to either widen or narrow the sex gap in survival? It is shown that the magnitude of the sex gap is not uniform across the regions, though the differences are not large. The most important contributors to a narrowing of the sex gap in life expectancy are heart disease and external types of mortality (i.e., accidents, violence, and suicide), followed by lung cancer and other types of chronic conditions. In substantive terms these results indicate that over time men have been making sufficient gains in these causes of death as to narrow some of the gender gap in overall survival. Regions show similarity in these effects.

scholarly journals Cross-Sectional Average Length of Life Childless

Demography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 321-344
Author(s):  
Ryohei Mogi ◽  
Jessica Nisén ◽  
Vladimir Canudas-Romo
Keyword(s):  
Average Length ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Period Effect ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
First Birth ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Length Of Life ◽  
Cross Sectional Average

Abstract Increases in the average age at first birth and in the proportion of women remaining childless have extended the total number of years that women spend childless during their reproductive lifetime in several countries. To quantify the number of years that reproductive-age women live without children, we introduce the cross-sectional average length of life childless (CALC). This measure includes all the age-specific first-birth information available for the cohorts present at time t; it is a period measure based on cohort data. Using the Human Fertility Database, CALC is calculated for the year 2015 for all countries with long enough histories of fertility available. Results show that women in the majority of the studied countries spend, on average, more than half of their reproductive lives childless. Furthermore, the difference between CALCs in two countries can be decomposed to give a clear visualization of how each cohort contributes to the difference in the duration of the length of childless life in those populations. Our illustration of the decomposition shows that (1) in recent years, female cohorts in Japan and Spain at increasingly younger ages have been contributing to more years of childless life compared with those in Sweden, (2) the United States continues to represent an exception among the high-income countries with a low expectation for childless life of women, and (3) Hungary experienced a strong period effect of the recent Great Recession. These examples show that CALC and its decomposition can provide insights into first-birth patterns.

scholarly journals The Contribution of Avoidable Mortality to the Life Expectancy Gains in Korea between 1998 and 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6499
Author(s):  
Jinwook Bahk ◽  
Kyunghee Jung-Choi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Avoidable Mortality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Major Factors

This study evaluated the contribution of avoidable causes of death to gains in life expectancy between 1998 and 2017 in Korea. This is a multi-year, cross-sectional study using national data. Death certificate data from 1998 to 2017 were obtained from Statistics Korea. The difference in life expectancy between 1998 and 2017 by age and cause of death were decomposed using Arriaga’s method. Life expectancy rose 7.73 years over 20 years in Korea, which was largely (more than 50%) due to changes in avoidable causes of death. As age increased, the contribution to changes in life expectancy increased, and the gain in life expectancy due to avoidable causes also tended to increase. The major factors that drove that gain in life expectancy were avoidable causes such as cerebrovascular diseases and traffic accidents. The gain in life expectancy from preventable diseases was greater in men than in women. The results of this study indicate that active public health programs have been effective in improving life expectancy in Korea. Moreover, avoidable mortality could be further improved with good public health policy. Health policy aimed at reducing amenable and preventable deaths should be further implemented to promote population health.

scholarly journals The cross-sectional average inequality in lifespan (CAL†): A lifespan variation measure that reflects the mortality histories of cohorts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marília Nepomuceno ◽  
Qi Cui ◽  
Alyson A van Raalte ◽  
José Manuel Aburto ◽  
Vladimir Canudas-Romo
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Country Rankings ◽  
Lifespan Variation ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Length Of Life ◽  
Timing Of Death ◽  
Cross Sectional Average

Lifespan variation is a key metric of mortality that describes both individual uncertaintyabout the length of life and heterogeneity in population health. We propose a novel andtimely lifespan variation measure, which we call the Cross-sectional Average Inequality in Lifespan. This new index provides an alternative perspective on the analysis of lifespan inequality by combining the mortality histories of all cohorts present in a cross-sectional approach. We demonstrate how differences in the Cross-sectional Average Inequality in Lifespan measure can be decomposed between populations by age and cohort to explore the compression or expansion of mortality in a cohort perspective. We apply these new methods using data from ten low-mortality countries from 1879 to 2013. The Cross-sectional Average Inequality in Lifespan measure reveals greater uncertainty in the timing of death than the period life table-based indices of variation indicate. Also, country rankings of lifespan inequality vary considerably between period and cross-sectional measures. These differences open intriguing questions as to which temporal dimension is the most relevant to individuals when considering the uncertainty in the timing of death in planning their life courses.

scholarly journals Correction to: The cross-sectional average length of healthy life (HCAL): a measure that summarizes the history of cohort health and mortality

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Sauerberg ◽  
Michel Guillot ◽  
Marc Luy
Keyword(s):  
Average Length ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Health And Mortality ◽  
Cross Sectional Average

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

scholarly journals The Cross-sectional Average Inequality in Lifespan (CAL†): A Lifespan Variation Measure That Reflects the Mortality Histories of Cohorts

Demography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marília R. Nepomuceno ◽  
Qi Cui ◽  
Alyson van Raalte ◽  
José Manuel Aburto ◽  
Vladimir Canudas-Romo
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Country Rankings ◽  
Lifespan Variation ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Length Of Life ◽  
Timing Of Death ◽  
Cross Sectional Average

Abstract Lifespan variation is a key metric of mortality that describes both individual uncertainty about the length of life and heterogeneity in population health. We propose a novel and timely lifespan variation measure, which we call the cross-sectional average inequality in lifespan, or CAL†. This new index provides an alternative perspective on the analysis of lifespan inequality by combining the mortality histories of all cohorts present in a cross-sectional approach. We demonstrate how differences in the CAL† measure can be decomposed between populations by age and cohort to explore the compression or expansion of mortality in a cohort perspective. We apply these new methods using data from 10 low-mortality countries or regions from 1879 to 2013. CAL† reveals greater uncertainty in the timing of death than the period life table–based indices of variation indicate. Also, country rankings of lifespan inequality vary considerably between period and cross-sectional measures. These differences raise intriguing questions as to which temporal dimension is the most relevant to individuals when considering the uncertainty in the timing of death in planning their life courses.

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