Intestinal Immune Responses to Type 2 Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) Challenge in Infants Previously Immunized With Bivalent OPV and Either High-Dose or Standard Inactivated Polio Vaccine

Oral polio vaccine (OPV) has served as the cornerstone of polio eradication efforts over the past 30 years, trivalent inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) has re-ascended to prominence in the past year, now acting as the sole source of protective immunity against type 2 poliovirus in routine immunization programmes. The Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic plan 2013–2018, developed by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) outlines the phased removal of OPVs, starting with type 2 poliovirus–containing vaccines and introduction of inactivated polio vaccine in routine immunization to mitigate against risk of vaccine-associated paralytic polio and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus. Bangladesh J Medicine Jan 2020; 31(1) : 22-28

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Immunogenicity of Two-Dose Booster Immunization with Conventional Inactivated Polio Vaccine in Japanese Adults

10.21203/rs.3.rs-35566/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Shinji Fukushima ◽

Takashi Nakano ◽

Hiroyuki Shimizu ◽

Atsuo Hamada

Keyword(s):

Booster Vaccination ◽

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽

Booster Immunization ◽

Robust Immune Response ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

Japanese Adults

Abstract Background: Most Japanese adults have been vaccinated twice in childhood with the Sabin oral polio vaccine as part of routine immunization schedules. Booster vaccination is recommended for Japanese travelers to polio-endemic or high-risk countries. This study assessed the immunogenicity of a two-dose booster regimen of conventional inactivated polio vaccine (cIPV) in Japanese adults.Methods: Healthy Japanese adults aged 20 years or older received two doses of standalone cIPV derived from virulent strains (Imovax Polio®). Serum samples were obtained before the booster vaccination and 4–6 weeks after each vaccination. Immunogenicity was evaluated by measuring serum neutralization titers against type 1, 2, and 3 poliovirus strains using a microneutralization assay. Results: The subjects were 61 healthy Japanese adults (26 men and 35 women) with mean ± standard deviation age of 35.8 ± 8.0 years. The seropositivity rates (i.e., percentage of subjects with anti-polio antibody titers ≥1:8 ) before booster vaccination were 88.5%, 95.1%, and 52.5% for Sabin strains (type 1, 2, and 3, respectively); 72.1%, 93.4%, and 31.1% for virulent poliovirus strains (type1: Mahoney strain; type 2: MEF-1 strain; and type 3: Saukett strain, respectively); and 93.4%, 93.4%, 93.4% and 88.5% for type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus strains (SV3128, SV3130, 11196, and 11198, respectively). After one dose of cIPV, all seropositivity rates increased to 98.4%–100.0%. After two doses of cIPV, seropositivity rates reached 100% for all strains. cIPV was well tolerated, with no safety concerns. Conclusion: Booster vaccination with standalone cIPV induced a robust immune response in Japanese adults. Trial registration: UMIN, UMIN000013551. Registered 28 March 2014 - Retrospectively registered, https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-bin/ctr/ctr_view_reg.cgi?recptno=R000015830

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Evaluating cessation of the type 2 oral polio vaccine by modeling pre- and post-cessation detection rates

Vaccine ◽

10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.048 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (42) ◽

pp. 5674-5681 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Steve J. Kroiss ◽

Michael Famulare ◽

Hil Lyons ◽

Kevin A. McCarthy ◽

Laina D. Mercer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Detection Rates ◽

Polio Vaccine

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Impact of Maternal Antibody on the Immunogenicity of Inactivated Polio Vaccine in Infants Immunized With Bivalent Oral Polio Vaccine: Implications for the Polio Eradication Endgame

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciy649 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 67 (suppl_1) ◽

pp. S57-S65 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

James T Gaensbauer ◽

Chris Gast ◽

Ananda S Bandyopadhyay ◽

Miguel O’Ryan ◽

Xavier Saez-Llorens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Polio Eradication ◽

Maternal Antibody ◽

Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽

Polio Vaccine

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Factors associated with the utilization of inactivated polio vaccine among children aged 12 to 23 months in Kalungu District, Uganda

Health Policy and Planning ◽

10.1093/heapol/czaa099 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. i30-i37

Author(s):

Mirembe Rachel Faith ◽

Babirye Juliet ◽

Nathan Tumuhamye ◽

Tumwebaze Mathias ◽

Emma Sacks

Keyword(s):

Health Care Providers ◽

Health Workers ◽

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Systematic Sampling ◽

Care Providers ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

Eradication Strategy

Abstract Uganda officially introduced the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in May 2016 as part of the polio eradication strategy and integrated it into its routine immunization programme in addition to the oral polio vaccine. The current coverage stands at 60% as of July 2017. We therefore aimed to determine factors associated with the uptake of IPV among children in Kalungu District so as to inform the implementation of the vaccine policy. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among caregivers of 406 eligible children aged 12–23 months through multi-stage systematic sampling and a standardized semi-structured questionnaire. Nine key informant interviews were conducted through purposive selection of health care providers and members of Village Health Teams (VHTs) based on their expertize. Modified Poisson regression and thematic content analysis were used to determine factors significant to IPV uptake among children. 71% of sampled children aged 12–23 months had received IPV in Kalungu District. The survey found that being encouraged by health workers and VHTs was significant to children’s uptake of IPV (Adjusted PR 1.24, 95% CI; 1.22–3.47). Distance to the immunization point (Adjusted PR 0.32,95% CI; 0.16–0.62) and caregiver’s education level (Adjusted PR 1.16,95% CI; 1.05–2.22) were also associated with IPV uptake. Qualitative findings from health workers and VHT members further confirmed the perception that distance to the immunization post was important, and VHTs also stated that being encouraged by health workers was critical to IPV uptake. The current prevalence of IPV uptake among children aged 12–23 months in Kalungu is 71%, higher than the last reported national coverage (60%), though still below the recommended national coverage of 95%. Efforts should be focused on sensitization of caregivers through health workers and VHTs. Immunization outreach should be strengthened so as to bring services closer to patients.

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The risk of type 2 oral polio vaccine use in post-cessation outbreak response

BMC Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12916-017-0937-y ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Kevin A. McCarthy ◽

Guillaume Chabot-Couture ◽

Michael Famulare ◽

Hil M. Lyons ◽

Laina D. Mercer

Keyword(s):

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Outbreak Response ◽

Polio Vaccine

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Failure to detect infection by oral polio vaccine virus following natural exposure among inactivated polio vaccine recipients

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268807008321 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 136 (2) ◽

pp. 180-183 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

H. E. GARY ◽

B. SMITH ◽

J. JENKS ◽

J. RUIZ ◽

W. SESSIONS ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Developed Countries ◽

The United States ◽

Vaccine Virus ◽

Susceptible Population ◽

Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

Natural Exposure ◽

The Us ◽

Protection Against Infection

SUMMARYWhile oral polio vaccine (OPV) has been shown to be safe and effective, it has been observed that it can circulate within a susceptible population and revert to a virulent form. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) confers protection from paralytic disease, but provides limited protection against infection. It is possible, then, that an IPV-immunized population, when exposed to OPV, could sustain undetected circulation of vaccine-derived poliovirus. This study examines the possibility of polio vaccine virus circulating within the United States (highly IPV-immunized) population that borders Mexico (OPV-immunized). A total of 653 stool and 20 sewage samples collected on the US side of the border were tested for the presence of poliovirus. All samples were found to be negative. These results suggest that the risk of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus is low in fully immunized IPV-using populations in developed countries that border OPV-using populations.

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Polio inactivated vaccine costs into routine childhood immunization in Brazil

Revista de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s0034-8910.2015049005492 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 49 (0) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ana Marli Christovam Sartori ◽

Margarete Paganotti Vicentine ◽

Lígia Castelloni Figueiredo Gryninger ◽

Patricia Coelho de Soárez ◽

Hillegonda Maria Dutilh Novaes

Keyword(s):

Oral Vaccine ◽

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Inactivated Vaccine ◽

Childhood Immunization ◽

Immunization Program ◽

Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

National Immunization ◽

National Immunization Day ◽

The Cost

OBJECTIVE To analyze the costs of vaccination regimens for introducing inactivated polio vaccine in routine immunization in Brazil.METHODS A cost analysis was conducted for vaccines in five vaccination regimens, including inactivated polio vaccine, compared with the oral polio vaccine-only regimen. The costs of the vaccines were estimated for routine use and for the “National Immunization Days”, during when the oral polio vaccine is administered to children aged less than five years, independent of their vaccine status, and the strategic stock of inactivated polio vaccine. The presented estimated costs are of 2011.RESULTS The annual costs of the oral vaccine-only program (routine and two National Immunization Days) were estimated at US$19,873,170. The incremental costs of inclusion of the inactivated vaccine depended on the number of vaccine doses, presentation of the vaccine (bottles with single dose or ten doses), and number of “National Immunization Days” carried out. The cost of the regimen adopted with two doses of inactivated vaccine followed by three doses of oral vaccine and one “National Immunization Day” was estimated at US$29,653,539. The concomitant replacement of the DTPw/Hib and HepB vaccines with the pentavalent vaccine enabled the introduction of the inactivated polio without increasing the number of injections or number of visits needed to complete the vaccination.CONCLUSIONS The introduction of the inactivated vaccine increased the annual costs of the polio vaccines by 49.2% compared with the oral vaccine-only regimen. This increase represented 1.13% of the expenditure of the National Immunization Program on the purchase of vaccines in 2011.

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