Impact of Maternal Antibody on the Immunogenicity of Inactivated Polio Vaccine in Infants Immunized With Bivalent Oral Polio Vaccine: Implications for the Polio Eradication Endgame

Poliomyelitis is an exclusively human disease that mainly affects children. Clinical features of poliomyelitis can be varied, from mild illness to the most severe paralysis, and the factor why poliomyelitis has different performances in individuals has been proved strongly correlated with membrane protein CD155. The nervous system shows a special protecting phenomenon against the invasion of poliovirus, and the mechanism is not very clear at present. Vaccines are the main means of preventing and controlling polio, and many different vaccines have been invented in the process of fighting polio. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and oral polio vaccine (OPV) are the two main vaccines. IPV is known for its safety while OPV is widely used in developing countries because of its relatively low cost. This usage also leads to some side effects: vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) and vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV). Now, for polio eradication, the elimination of these two diseases has become particularly important. Thus, a new type of vaccine was created: sequential IPV-OPV with the safety of IPV and the low cost of OPV. This paper will talk about the different polio vaccines and their effects. An enormous difference between people who have gotten the vaccine and people who have not got the vaccine. Comparing the two kinds of people, people who get normal poliovirus, and people who get poliovirus after taking a vaccine, known as VAPP (vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis), the former cannot get full recovery whole life and the latter has a very low possibility. In conclusion, people should take vaccines if it is affordable for them.

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Moving from oral poliovirus vaccine to inactivated poliovirus vaccine: The rationale and challenges

Bangladesh Journal of Medicine ◽

10.3329/bjm.v31i1.44749 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 22-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kazi Zulfiquer Mamun ◽

Nabeela Mahboob ◽

Kazi Taib Mamun ◽

Hasina Iqbal

Keyword(s):

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Sole Source ◽

Polio Eradication ◽

Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽

Routine Immunization ◽

Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

The Past ◽

Global Polio Eradication Initiative

Oral polio vaccine (OPV) has served as the cornerstone of polio eradication efforts over the past 30 years, trivalent inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) has re-ascended to prominence in the past year, now acting as the sole source of protective immunity against type 2 poliovirus in routine immunization programmes. The Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic plan 2013–2018, developed by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) outlines the phased removal of OPVs, starting with type 2 poliovirus–containing vaccines and introduction of inactivated polio vaccine in routine immunization to mitigate against risk of vaccine-associated paralytic polio and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus. Bangladesh J Medicine Jan 2020; 31(1) : 22-28

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Towards Polio Eradication in Nigeria: Identifying at Risk Population for Low Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) Uptake

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.137.supplement_3.389a ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 137 (Supplement 3) ◽

pp. 389A-389A

Author(s):

Oluyemisi O. Falope ◽

Korede K. Adegoke ◽

Chukwudi O. Ejiofor ◽

Nnadozie C. Emechebe ◽

Taiwo O Talabi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Polio Eradication ◽

Risk Population ◽

Polio Vaccine

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Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV): A strong candidate vaccine for achieving global polio eradication program

Vaccine ◽

10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.106 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 27 (39) ◽

pp. 5293-5294 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Aamir Shahzad ◽

Gottfried Köhler

Keyword(s):

Polio Eradication ◽

Candidate Vaccine ◽

Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽

Eradication Program ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

Strong Candidate

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Factors associated with the utilization of inactivated polio vaccine among children aged 12 to 23 months in Kalungu District, Uganda

Health Policy and Planning ◽

10.1093/heapol/czaa099 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. i30-i37

Author(s):

Mirembe Rachel Faith ◽

Babirye Juliet ◽

Nathan Tumuhamye ◽

Tumwebaze Mathias ◽

Emma Sacks

Keyword(s):

Health Care Providers ◽

Health Workers ◽

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Systematic Sampling ◽

Care Providers ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

Eradication Strategy

Abstract Uganda officially introduced the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in May 2016 as part of the polio eradication strategy and integrated it into its routine immunization programme in addition to the oral polio vaccine. The current coverage stands at 60% as of July 2017. We therefore aimed to determine factors associated with the uptake of IPV among children in Kalungu District so as to inform the implementation of the vaccine policy. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among caregivers of 406 eligible children aged 12–23 months through multi-stage systematic sampling and a standardized semi-structured questionnaire. Nine key informant interviews were conducted through purposive selection of health care providers and members of Village Health Teams (VHTs) based on their expertize. Modified Poisson regression and thematic content analysis were used to determine factors significant to IPV uptake among children. 71% of sampled children aged 12–23 months had received IPV in Kalungu District. The survey found that being encouraged by health workers and VHTs was significant to children’s uptake of IPV (Adjusted PR 1.24, 95% CI; 1.22–3.47). Distance to the immunization point (Adjusted PR 0.32,95% CI; 0.16–0.62) and caregiver’s education level (Adjusted PR 1.16,95% CI; 1.05–2.22) were also associated with IPV uptake. Qualitative findings from health workers and VHT members further confirmed the perception that distance to the immunization post was important, and VHTs also stated that being encouraged by health workers was critical to IPV uptake. The current prevalence of IPV uptake among children aged 12–23 months in Kalungu is 71%, higher than the last reported national coverage (60%), though still below the recommended national coverage of 95%. Efforts should be focused on sensitization of caregivers through health workers and VHTs. Immunization outreach should be strengthened so as to bring services closer to patients.

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Inactivated Polio Vaccine: its proposed role in the final stages of polio eradication

Pan African Medical Journal ◽

10.11604/pamj.2013.14.102.2580 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Robert Davis ◽

Robin Biellik

Keyword(s):

Polio Eradication ◽

Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽

Polio Vaccine

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Next Generation Inactivated Polio Vaccine Manufacturing to Support Post Polio-Eradication Biosafety Goals

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0083374 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. e83374 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Yvonne E. Thomassen ◽

Aart G. van ’t Oever ◽

Monique G. C. T. van Oijen ◽

René H. Wijffels ◽

Leo A. van der Pol ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polio Eradication ◽

Next Generation ◽

Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽

Polio Vaccine

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Post-polio eradication: vaccination strategies and options for India

Healthcare in Low-resource Settings ◽

10.4081/hls.2014.1978 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Jayakrishnan Thayyil ◽

Thejus Jayakrishnan

Keyword(s):

International Health ◽

Main Tool ◽

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Polio Eradication ◽

World Health ◽

Wild Poliovirus ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

Vaccination Strategies ◽

Health Agencies ◽

Health Organization

In 1988, the World Health Organization (WHO) resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis globally. Since then, the initiative has reported dramatic progress in decreasing the incidence of poliomyelitis and limiting the geographical extent of transmission. 2013 is recorded as the second consecutive year not reporting wild poliovirus (WPV) from India. If the country can retain this position for one more year India will be declared as polio eradicated. What should be the future vaccination strategies? We searched and reviewed the full text of the available published literature on polio eradication via PubMed and examined Internet sources and websites of major international health agencies. The oral polio vaccine (OPV) has been the main tool in the polio eradication program. Once WPV transmission is interrupted, the poliomyelitis will be caused only by OPV. India could expect 1 vaccine-associated paralytic polio per 4.2-4.6 million doses of OPV. Considering the threat of vaccine-derived viruses to polio eradication, WHO urged to develop a strategy to safely discontinue OPV after certification. The ultimate aim is to stop OPV safely and effectively, and eventually substitute with inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). The argument against the use of IPV is its cost. From India, field based data were available on the efficacy of IPV, which was better than OPV. IPV given intradermally resulted in seroconversion rates similar to full-dose intramuscular vaccine. The incremental cost of adopting IPV to replace OPV is relatively low, about US $1 per child per year, and most countries should be able to afford this additional cost.

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Failure to detect infection by oral polio vaccine virus following natural exposure among inactivated polio vaccine recipients

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268807008321 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 136 (2) ◽

pp. 180-183 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

H. E. GARY ◽

B. SMITH ◽

J. JENKS ◽

J. RUIZ ◽

W. SESSIONS ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Developed Countries ◽

The United States ◽

Vaccine Virus ◽

Susceptible Population ◽

Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

Natural Exposure ◽

The Us ◽

Protection Against Infection

SUMMARYWhile oral polio vaccine (OPV) has been shown to be safe and effective, it has been observed that it can circulate within a susceptible population and revert to a virulent form. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) confers protection from paralytic disease, but provides limited protection against infection. It is possible, then, that an IPV-immunized population, when exposed to OPV, could sustain undetected circulation of vaccine-derived poliovirus. This study examines the possibility of polio vaccine virus circulating within the United States (highly IPV-immunized) population that borders Mexico (OPV-immunized). A total of 653 stool and 20 sewage samples collected on the US side of the border were tested for the presence of poliovirus. All samples were found to be negative. These results suggest that the risk of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus is low in fully immunized IPV-using populations in developed countries that border OPV-using populations.

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