scholarly journals An explanatory model of temperature influence on flowering through whole-plant accumulation of FLOWERING LOCUS T in Arabidopsis thaliana

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah A Kinmonth-Schultz ◽  
Melissa J S MacEwen ◽  
Daniel D Seaton ◽  
Andrew J Millar ◽  
Takato Imaizumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Regulation ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Temperature Influence ◽  
Flowering Locus T ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Improve Model ◽  
Flowering Locus ◽  
Flowering Regulator

Abstract We assessed mechanistic temperature influence on flowering by incorporating temperature-responsive flowering mechanisms across developmental age into an existing model. Temperature influences the leaf production rate as well as expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), a photoperiodic flowering regulator that is expressed in leaves. The Arabidopsis Framework Model incorporated temperature influence on leaf growth but ignored the consequences of leaf growth on and direct temperature influence of FT expression. We measured FT production in differently aged leaves and modified the model, adding mechanistic temperature influence on FT transcription, and causing whole-plant FT to accumulate with leaf growth. Our simulations suggest that in long days, the developmental stage (leaf number) at which the reproductive transition occurs is influenced by day length and temperature through FT, while temperature influences the rate of leaf production and the time (in days) the transition occurs. Further, we demonstrate that FT is mainly produced in the first 10 leaves in the Columbia (Col-0) accession, and that FT accumulation alone cannot explain flowering in conditions in which flowering is delayed. Our simulations supported our hypotheses that: (i) temperature regulation of FT, accumulated with leaf growth, is a component of thermal time, and (ii) incorporating mechanistic temperature regulation of FT can improve model predictions when temperatures change over time.

scholarly journals Mechanistic model of temperature influence on flowering through whole-plant accumulation of FT

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah A. Kinmonth-Schultz ◽  
Melissa J. MacEwen ◽  
Daniel D. Seaton ◽  
Andrew J. Millar ◽  
Takato Imaizumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Regulation ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Temperature Influence ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Photoperiodic Flowering ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Improve Model ◽  
Flowering Regulator

AbstractWe assessed temperature influence on flowering by incorporating temperature-responsive flowering mechanisms across developmental age into an existing model. Temperature influences both the leaf production rate and expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), a photoperiodic flowering regulator, in leaves. The Arabidopsis Framework Model incorporated temperature influence on leaf growth but ignored the consequences of leaf growth on and direct temperature influence of FT expression. We measured FT production in differently aged leaves and modified the model, adding the mechanistic temperature influence on FT transcription, and linking FT to leaf growth. Our simulations suggest that in long days, the developmental timing (leaf number) at which the reproductive transition occurs is influenced by day length and temperature through FT, while temperature influences the rate of leaf production and the time (in days) the transition occurs. Further, we demonstrated that FT is mainly produced in the first 10 leaves in the Columbia ecotype, and that FT accumulation alone cannot explain flowering in conditions in which flowering is delayed. Our simulations supported our hypotheses that: 1) temperature regulation of FT, accumulated with leaf growth, is a component of thermal time, and 2) incorporating mechanistic temperature regulation of FT can improve model predictions in fluctuating temperatures.

scholarly journals Expression of coffee florigen CaFT1 reveals a sustained floral induction window associated with asynchronous flowering in tropical perennials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Henrique Cardon ◽  
Raphael Ricon de Oliveira ◽  
Victoria Lesy ◽  
Thales Henrique Cherubino Ribeiro ◽  
Luisa Peloso Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Induction ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Yeast Two Hybrid ◽  
Flowering Locus T ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
The Face ◽  
Flowering Locus ◽  
One Year ◽  
Two Hybrid

The behavior of florigen(s) and environment-influenced regulatory pathways that control flowering in tropical perennials with complex phenological cycles is poorly understood. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this process is important for food production in the face of climate change. To explore this, homologs of Arabidopsis florigen FLOWERING LOCUS T (CaFT1) and environment-related regulators CONSTANS (CO), PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) and FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) were isolated from Coffea sp. L. (Rubiaceae). Overexpression of CaFT1 in Arabidopsis showed typical early-flowering and yeast two hybrid studies indicated CaFT1 binding to bZIP floral regulator, FD, demonstrates that CaFT1 is a coffee orthologue of florigen. Expression of CaFT1 and floral regulators were evaluated over one year using three contrasting genotypes: two C. arabica and one C. canephora. All genotypes showed active CaFT1 transcription from February until October, indicating a potential window for floral induction. CaCO expression, as expected, varied over the day period and monthly with day length, whereas expression of temperature-responsive homologs, CaFLC and CaPIF4, did not correlate with temperature changes. Using coffee as a model, we suggest a continuum of floral induction that allows different starting points for floral activation, which explains developmental asynchronicity and prolonged anthesis events in tropical perennial species.

scholarly journals NUCLEAR FACTOR Y, subunit A (NF-YA) proteins positively regulate flowering and act through FLOWERING LOCUS T

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chamindika L. Siriwardana ◽  
Nerina Gnesutta ◽  
Roderick W. Kumimoto ◽  
Daniel S. Jones ◽  
Zachary A. Myers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Flowering Locus T ◽  
Nuclear Factor Y ◽  
Timing Mechanisms ◽  
Flowering Locus

AbstractPhotoperiod dependent flowering is one of several mechanisms used by plants to initiate the developmental transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. The NUCLEAR FACTOR Y (NF-Y) transcription factors are heterotrimeric complexes composed of NF-YA and histone-fold domain (HFD) containing NF-YB/NF-YC, that initiate photoperiod-dependent flowering by cooperatively interacting with CONSTANS (CO) to drive the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). This involves NF-Y and CO binding at distal CCAAT and proximal “CORE” elements, respectively, in the FT promoter. While this is well established for the HFD subunits, there remains some question over the potential role of NF-YA as either positive or negative regulators of this process. Here we provide strong support, in the form of genetic and biochemical analyses, that NF-YA, in complex with NF-YB/NF-YC proteins, can directly bind the distal CCAAT box in the FT promoter and are positive regulators of flowering in an FT-dependent manner.Author SummaryFor plants to have reproductive success, they must time their flowering with the most beneficial biotic and abiotic environmental conditions - after all, reproductive success would likely be low if flowers developed when pollinators were not present or freezing temperatures were on the horizon. Proper timing mechanisms for flowering vary significantly between different species, but can be connected to a variety of environmental cues, including water availability, temperature, and day length. Numerous labs have studied the molecular aspects of these timing mechanisms and discovered that many of these pathways converge on the gene FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). This means that understanding precisely how this gene is regulated can teach us a lot about many plant species in both natural and agricultural settings. In the current study, we focus on day length as an essential cue for flowering in the plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. We further unravel the complexity of FT regulation by clarifying the roles of NUCLEAR FACTOR Y genes in day length perception.

scholarly journals Diversification in Functions and Expressions of Soybean FLOWERING LOCUS T Genes Fine-Tunes Seasonal Flowering

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su Hyeon Lee ◽  
Cheol Woo Choi ◽  
Kyoung Mi Park ◽  
Wook-Hun Jung ◽  
Hyun Jin Chun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Flowering Locus T ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Seasonal Flowering ◽  
Flowering Locus ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Soybean Leaves

The proper timing of flowering in response to environmental changes is critical for ensuring crop yields. FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) homologs of the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein family play important roles as floral integrators in many crops. In soybean, we identified 17 genes of this family, and characterized biological functions in flowering for ten FT homologs. Overexpression of GmFT homologs in Arabidopsis revealed that a set of GmFT homologs, including GmFT2a/2b, GmFT3a/3b, and GmFT5a/5b, promoted flowering similar to FT; in contrast, GmFT1a/1b, GmFT4, and GmFT6 delayed flowering. Consistently, expressions of GmFT2a, GmFT2b, and GmFT5a were induced in soybean leaves in response to floral inductive short days, whereas expressions of GmFT1a and GmFT4 were induced in response to long days. Exon swapping analysis between floral activator GmFT2a and floral repressor GmFT4 revealed that the segment B region in the fourth exon is critical for their antagonistic functions. Finally, expression analysis of GmFT2a, GmFT5a, and GmFT4 in soybean accessions exhibiting various flowering times indicated that the mRNA levels of GmFT2a and GmFT5a were higher in early flowering accessions than in late-flowering accessions, while GmFT4 showed the opposite pattern. Moreover, the relative mRNA levels between GmFT2a/GmFT5a and GmFT4 was important in determining day length-dependent flowering in soybean accessions. Taken together, our results suggest that the functions of GmFT homologs have diversified into floral activators and floral repressors during soybean evolution, and the timing of flowering in response to changing day length is determined by modulating the activities of antagonistic GmFT homologs.

Constitutive expression of chrysanthemum CmBBX29 delays flowering time in transgenic Arabidopsis

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Chen ◽  
Fei Huang ◽  
Yanan Liu ◽  
Peilei Cheng ◽  
Zhiyong Guan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Transgenic Arabidopsis ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Flowering Locus T ◽  
Photoperiod Pathway ◽  
Flowering Locus ◽  
Flowering Regulator

BBX transcription factors are known to regulate the flowering time and the plant response to various abiotic stresses, but their functions in chrysanthemum have yet to be thoroughly explored. Here, a chrysanthemum homolog of the Arabidopsis thaliana gene AtBBX29 was isolated and characterized. The gene was transcribed in various plant organs but most strongly in the root and in the ligulate flowers. Its temporal pattern of transcription mirrored that of CmCO, the chrysanthemum homolog of the key flowering regulator CONSTANS (CO). Its constitutive expression in A. thaliana induced a delay to flowering, suppressing the transcription of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1), LEAFY (LFY), and APETALA 1 (AP1), while promoting that of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Our results indicate that CmBBX29 can regulate flowering time in A. thaliana by the integration of FLC and the photoperiod pathway.

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