Identification of Lead and Other Elements in Ceramic Glazes and Housewares by 109Cd-Induced X-Ray Fluorescence Emission Spectrometry

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L Anderson ◽  
William C Cunningham ◽  
Tyler R Lemdstrom ◽  
Ilhan Olmez
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Fluorescence Emission ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometry ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Nondestructive Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Lower Count

Abstract Radioisotope x-ray fluorescence spectrometry was investigated as a potential screening method for Pb and other elements in housewares. Thirty-six commercial houseware items and 87 ceramic test tiles (85 fired with hobby glazes and 2 blank bisques) were examined qualitatively for the presence of Pb by using 109Cd-induced L x-ray fluorescence emission spectrometry. For the housewares, the technique provided fast, nondestructive analysis of areas with about 10 cm diameters (general regions) to about 4 mm diameters (isolated design regions). Pb was found in 25 of 28 ceramicware items, in all 8 other housewares, and in all the testtile glazes above the limit of detection of 1 count per second (cps) for Pb Lβ x-rays. For housewares, Pb identification did not always correspond to Pb leachability. For 68 test-tile glazes labeled as containing Pb (39 of which were also labeled ‘dinnerware safe’ or ‘safe for food containers’), count rates ranged from 290 to 730 cps, whereas for the other 17 glazes labeled (with one exception) ‘nontoxic,’ much lower count rates (5–61 cps) were obtained. Other elements found in the housewares or test glazes were As, Au, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Nb, Ni, Rb, Sr, Y, Zn, and Zr.

Isoelastic Cementless Total Hip Replacement in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Long-Term Results

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-46
Author(s):  
U. Fusco ◽  
R. Capelli ◽  
A. Avai ◽  
M. Gerundini ◽  
L. Colombini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Hip Replacement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cementless Total Hip Replacement

Between 1980 and 1987 we have implanted 46 isoelastic cementless THR in 40 patients affected with rheumatoid arthritis. We have reviewed 38 hips clinically and by X-ray. The mean follow-up was 8,5 years. Harris hip scores ranged from 30.6 preoperatively to 73,4 post-operatively when reviewed. While on the other hand Merle D'Aubigné hip scores ranged from 7,06 pre-operatively to 15,59 post-operatively. All patients have been satisfied, and X-rays showed an improvement for both Charnely and Gruen X-ray score.

scholarly journals THE SKIN REACTIONS PRODUCED BY ALTERNATIONS OF HEAT AND X-RAY AT VARIOUS TIME INTERVALS

1931 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Skin Reactions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Critical Dose

Areas on the abdomen of the same guinea pig were exposed to suberythemal doses of soft X-rays, to heat of an intensity below the critical dose for the production of burns, and to both radiations in sequence with various time intervals between the exposures. The only effect of exposure to X-ray or heat alone was a slight scaling of the skin. The areas exposed to heat and X-radiation developed well-marked and persistent burns when the exposure to one agent was made within 3 hours of the other. Scaling of the skin developed when the exposure to one agent was made 1 day after the other. This scaling was more marked and lasted longer than the scaling produced by either agent alone. The results were the same no matter in which sequence the agents were applied.

Levels of Brominated Vegetable Oils in Soft Drinks by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry and Gas-Liquid Chromatography

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-575
Author(s):  
H B S Conacher ◽  
J C Meranger ◽  
J Leroux
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Soft Drinks ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometry ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rapid Screening Method

Abstract A rapid screening method using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry has been developed for the detection and semiquantitative estimation of brominated vegetable oils in soft drinks. This method and a quantitative GLC technique have been applied to the determination of the brominated oil content in a wide range of soft drinks. Of 46 drinks examined, 23 contained brominated vegetable oils at levels between 7 and 85 mg/10 fluid oz of drink.

scholarly journals Supersoft X-ray nebulae in the Large Magellanic Cloud

2020 ◽  
Vol 497 (3) ◽  
pp. 3234-3250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego A Farias ◽  
Alejandro Clocchiatti ◽  
Tyrone E Woods ◽  
Armin Rest
Keyword(s):  
Interstellar Medium ◽  
Large Magellanic Cloud ◽  
Magellanic Cloud ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Type Ia ◽  
Source Models ◽  
Flux Measurements

ABSTRACT Supersoft X-rays sources (SSSs) have been proposed as potential Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) progenitors. If such objects are indeed persistently X-ray luminous and embedded in sufficiently dense interstellar medium (ISM), they will be surrounded by extended nebular emission. These nebulae should persist even long after an SN Ia explosion, due to the long recombination and cooling times involved. With this in mind, we searched for nebular [O iii] emission around four SSSs and three SNRs in the Large Magellanic Cloud, using the 6.5-m Baade telescope at Las Campanas Observatory and the imacs camera. We confirm that, out of the four SSS candidates, only CAL 83 can be associated with an [O iii] nebula. The [O iii] luminosity for the other objects is constrained to ≲17 per cent of that of CAL 83 at 6.8 pc from the central source. Models computed with the photoionization code cloudy indicate that either the ISM densities in the environments of CAL 87, RX J0550.0-7151, and RX J0513.9-6951 must be significantly lower than surrounding CAL 83 or the average X-ray luminosities of these sources over the last ≲10  000 yr must be significantly lower than presently observed, in order to be consistent with the observed luminosity upper limits. For the three SNRs we consider (all with ages <1000 yr), our [O iii] flux measurements together with the known surrounding ISM densities strongly constrain the ionizing luminosity of their progenitors in the last several thousand years, independent of the progenitor channel.

Micromachining in Plastics Using X-Ray Lithography for the Fabrication of Micro-Electrophoresis Devices

1999 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Ford ◽  
J. Davies ◽  
B. Kar ◽  
S. D. Qi ◽  
S. McWhorter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Rapid Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sample Introduction ◽  
Uv Exposure ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Pmma Substrate ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Positive Photoresist ◽  
Potential Applications

Micromachining was performed in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) using X-ray lithography for the fabrication of miniaturized devices (microchips) for potential applications in chemical and genetic analyses. The devices were fabricated using two different techniques: transfer mask technology and a Kapton® mask. For both processes, the channel topography was transferred (1:1) to the appropriate substrate via the use of an optical mask. In the case of the transfer mask technique, the PMMA substrate was coated with a positive photoresist and a thin Au/Cr plating base. Following UV exposure, the resist was developed and a thick overlayer (∼3 μm) of Au electroplated onto the PMMA substrate only where the resist was removed, which acted as an absorber of the X-rays. In the other technique, a Kapton® film was used as the X-ray mask. In this case, the Kapton® film was UV exposed using the optical mask to define the channel topography and following development of the resist, a thick Au overlayer (8 μm) was electrodeposited onto the Kapton® sheet. The PMMA wafer during X-ray exposure was situated directly underneath the Kapton® mask. In both cases, the PMMA wafer was exposed to soft X-rays and developed to remove the exposed PMMA. The resulting channels were found to be 20 μm in width (determined by optical mask) with channel depths of ∼50 μm (determined by x-ray exposure time). In order to demonstrate the utility of this micromachining process, several components were fabricated in PMMA including capillary/chip connectors, injectors for fixed-volume sample introduction, separation channels for electrophoresis and integrated fiber optic fluorescence detectors. These components could be integrated into a single device to assemble a system appropriate for the rapid analysis of various targets.

Bent crystal Laue analyser combined with total reflection fluorescence X-ray absorption fine structure (BCLA + TRF-XAFS) and its application to surface studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 1618-1625
Author(s):  
Yuki Wakisaka ◽  
Bing Hu ◽  
Daiki Kido ◽  
Md. Harun Al Rashid ◽  
Wenhan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
Fluorescence Emission ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Xafs Spectroscopy ◽  
Bent Crystal ◽  
Absorption Fine ◽  
X Ray Absorption

A bent crystal Laue analyser (BCLA) is an X-ray energy analyser used for fluorescence X-ray absorption fine-structure (XAFS) spectroscopy to separate the fluorescence X-ray emission line of a target atom from the elastic scattering X-rays and other fluorescence emission lines. Here, the feasibility of the BCLA for total reflection fluorescence XAFS (TRF-XAFS), which has a long X-ray footprint on the substrate surface owing to grazing incidence, was tested. The focal line of the BCLA was adjusted on the X-ray footprint and the XAFS signal for one monolayer of Pt deposited on a 60 nm Au film with high sensitivity was obtained. Although range-extended XAFS was expected by the rejection of Au fluorescence arising from the Au substrate, a small glitch was found in the Au L 3 edge because of the sudden change of the complex refraction index of the Au substrate at the Au edge. This abnormal spectrum feature can be removed by reflectivity correction using Au foil absorption data. BCLA combined with TRF-XAFS spectroscopy (BCLA + TRF-XAFS) is a new technique for the in situ surface analysis of highly dispersed systems even in the presence of a liquid overlayer.

Quantitative Determimatioh of Sulfur, Chlorine, Potassium, Calcium, Scandium and Titanium in Aqueous Solutions by Radioisotopic Excited Fluorescent Spectrometer and by Conventional X-Ray Spectrometer

1970 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 102-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank L. Chan ◽  
W. Barclay Jones
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Helium Atmosphere ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size ◽  
The One

AbstractAn x-ray spectrometer with experimental results is herewith described using a radiosotope source Fe55 having a halflife of 2.6 years. As a result of the disintegration, the managanese x-rays are capable of exciting fluorescent x-rays of such elements as sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, scandium and titanium in aqueous solutions. These elements with the Ka wavelengths ranging from 5.3729 Å to 2.7496 Å may be designated as between the very soft x-rays on the one hand and the hard x-rays on the other. The x-ray spectrometer presently described has achieved a resolution of 136 ev, FWHM.Simultaneously, these elements have also been quantitatively determined by conventional x-ray fluorescent spectrometers. Since one of the spectrometers is designed to operate in vacuum as well as in helium or air, determination of sulfur, potassium and calcium were carried out in vacuum. Determination of chlorine was carried out in a helium atmosphere, Calcium, scandium and titanium were determined in air with an air-path spectrometer.In the present study aqueous solutions containing these elements were used. The use of aqueous solutions has the inherent advantages of being homogeneous and free from effect of particle size.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document