scholarly journals Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Foods for Alternaria Mycotoxins

2001 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 1809-1817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M Scott
Keyword(s):  
Apple Juice ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Sunflower Seeds ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Alternaria Toxins ◽  
Pressure Chemical Ionization ◽  
Pressure Chemical ◽  
Alternaria Mycotoxins

Abstract Fungi of the genus Alternaria are parasitic on plants and other organic materials. A. alternata is a frequently occurring species of particular interest because it produces a number of mycotoxins, including alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT), altertoxins I, II, and III (ATX-I, -II, and -III), and L-tenuazonic acid (TeA). Cleanup procedures of analytical methods for foods and foodstuffs include solvent partition, generally used for TeA, and solid-phase extraction columns for AOH, AME, and ATX-I. These Alternaria mycotoxins have been determined by TLC, GC, and more usually LC, mainly with ultraviolet detection, although fluorescence and electrochemical detection have also been used for Alternaria toxins other than TeA. A Zn2+ salt is usually added to the LC mobile phase for TeA. Recently, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and electrospray LC/MS and LC–MS/MS have been applied to the determination and confirmation of AOH and AME in apple juice and other fruit beverages at sub ng/mL levels. Natural occurrences of AOH, AME, and in some cases other Alternaria toxins have been reported in various fruits, including tomatoes, olives, mandarins, melons, peppers, apples, and raspberries. They have been found also in processed fruit products such as apple juice, other fruit beverages and tomato products, wheat and other grains, sunflower seeds, oilseed rape meal, and pecans.

Alternaria Mycotoxins in Sunflower Seeds: Incidence and Distribution of the Toxins in Oil and Meal

1995 ◽  
Vol 58 (10) ◽  
pp. 1133-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
SOFÍA N. CHULZE ◽  
ADRIANA M. TORRES ◽  
ANA M. DALCERO ◽  
MIRIAM G. ETCHEVERRY ◽  
MARÍA L. RAMÍREZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Sunflower Seed ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Sunflower Seeds ◽  
Tenuazonic Acid ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Alternaria Toxins ◽  
Alternaria Mycotoxins

A survey of 150 sunflower-seed samples was carried out to evaluate the contamination from infection with Alternaria alternata with alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and tenuazonic acid (TA). A high percentage of the samples was contaminated with AOH (85%), AME, (47%), and TA (65%). The average levels detected were 187 μg/kg for AOH, 194 μg/kg for AME, and 6,692, μg/kg for TA. When sunflower seeds fermented by Alternaria alternata were processed under laboratory conditions to obtain the oil and meal, different distributions of Alternaria toxins between the oil and the meal were observed: whereas AOH, AME, and TA were detected in the meal, only AME and TA were detected in the oil, and the latter in a low percentage.

scholarly journals Determination of Chloramphenicol in Bovine Milk by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry

2003 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lambert K Sørensen ◽  
Tina H Elbæk ◽  
Helga Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Negative Ion ◽  
Tandem Mass ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Pressure Chemical Ionization ◽  
Pressure Chemical ◽  
Negative Ion Mode

Abstract A rapid confirmatory liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometic method was developed for determination of chloramphenicol in bovine milk. Chloramphenicol was extracted directly from milk by solid-phase extraction on a C18 cartridge. The extract was further cleaned up on neutral aluminium oxide. Three transition products were monitored in negative ion mode after atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. The detection capability related to the transition product of lowest abundance was 0.03 μg/kg. The mean recovery was 90% at levels of 0.1–0.2 μg/kg. The relative repeatability standard deviations were 4.3, 3.8, and 2.8% at levels of 0.1, 0.2, and 1.0 μg/kg, respectively.

Alternaria mycotoxins: an overview of chemical characterization, producers, toxicity, analysis and occurrence in foodstuffs

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Ostry
Keyword(s):  
Topoisomerase I ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Dna Integrity ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Tenuazonic Acid ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Alternaria Mycotoxins

Microfungi of the genus Alternaria are ubiquitous pathogens and saprophytes. Many species of the genus Alternaria commonly cause spoilage of various food crops in the field or post-harvest decay. Due to their growth even at low temperatures, they are also responsible for spoilage of these commodities during refrigerated transport and storage. Several Alternaria species are known producers of toxic secondary metabolites - Alternaria mycotoxins. A. alternata produces a number of mycotoxins, including alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, altertoxins I, II, III, tenuazonic acid and other less toxic metabolites. Tenuazonic acid is toxic to several animal species, e.g. mice, chicken, dogs. Alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene and altertoxin I are not very acutely toxic. There are several reports on the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of alternariol, and alternariol monomethyl ether. Alternariol has been identified as a topoisomerase I and II poison which might contribute to the impairment of DNA integrity in human colon carcinoma cells. Analytical methods to determine Alternaria toxins are largely based on procedures, involving cleanup by solvent partitioning or solid phase extraction, followed by chromatographic separation techniques, in combination with ultraviolet, fluorescence, electrochemical and mass spectroscopic detection. A large number of Alternaria metabolites has been reported to occur naturally in food commodities (e.g. fruit, vegetables, cereals and oil plants). Alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether and tenuazonic acid were frequently detected in apples, apple products, mandarins, olives, pepper, red pepper, tomatoes, tomato products, oilseed rape meal, sunflower seeds, sorghum, wheat and edible oils. Alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether were detected in citrus fruit, Japanese pears, prune nectar, raspberries, red currant, carrots, barley and oats. Alternariol monomethyl ether and tenuazonic acid were detected in melon. Natural occurrence of alternariol has been reported in apple juice, cranberry juice, grape juice, prune nectar, raspberry juice, red wine and lentils.

scholarly journals Confirmation of Eprinomectin, Moxidectin, Abamectin, Doramectin, and Ivermectin in Beef Liver by Liquid Chromatography/Positive Ion Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Sher Ali ◽  
Tung Sun ◽  
Gina E McLeroy ◽  
Evan T Phillippo
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Chemical Ionization ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Beef Liver ◽  
Pressure Chemical Ionization ◽  
Pressure Chemical ◽  
Positive Ion

Abstract A liquid chromatographic (LC) multiresidue screening procedure was developed for determination of eprinomectin, moxidectin, abamectin, doramectin, and ivermectin in beef liver at 0, 25, 50, and 100 ppb levels. A procedure using low resolution LC/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry (MS) was developed with further purification steps added to the quantitative LC method to confirm residues. Acetonitrile extracts of liver, prior to derivatization for LC analysis, were further purified by using a C8 solid-phase extraction cartridge and an alumina-B cartridge. The purified extract was analyzed by injection into an LC/positive ion APCI MS. Identity of the compound was confirmed by comparison of its retention time and relative intensity data with those of a standard or recovery from a fortified control liver sample. Anthelmintic drugs in acetonitrile extracts of liver containing eprinomectin, moxidectin, abamectin, doramectin, and ivermectin at 25 ppb, the lowest level of fortification used in the LC determinative method, were successfully confirmed.

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