scholarly journals 73 Effects of dietary neutral detergent fiber and standardized ileal digestible lysine levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 57-58
Author(s):  
Uislei Orlando ◽  
Ning Lu ◽  
Carine Vier ◽  
Wayne Cast ◽  
Xun Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine

Abstract Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding different neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) levels on performance of growing-finishing pigs from 30- to 130-kg. A total of 2,016 barrows and gilts (PIC 280×Camborough, initial BW of 29.6±0.53 kg) were allotted to a randomized complete block design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement. Dietary treatments (Table 1) consisted with two NDF levels (13% or 20%) and two SID Lys curves (PIC2008 or PIC2016). There were 21 mixed-sex pigs per pen, and 24 pens per treatment. The experiment diets were fed in 3 phases. Wheat, wheat by-products, peas, and canola oil were used with NRC (2012) loading values to achieve treatments, and all diets were formulated to be iso-caloric (2,420 kcal NE/kg). Experimental data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. Increasing NDF level resulted in a reduction (P< 0.05) in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake, hot carcass weight, carcass yield, carcass ADG, and backfat depth (Table 2), and tended to decrease percentage of removals and mortality (P=0.10). Pigs fed PIC2016 Lys curve had greater ADG and carcass ADG as compared to those fed PIC2008 Lys curve (P< 0.05). There were NDF×Lys interactions (P< 0.10) for ADG, gain to feed ratio (G:F), carcass ADG, and carcass G:F. These response criteria were improved for pigs fed PIC2016 Lys curve compared to those fed PIC2008 Lys curve when NDF level was 13%; while no evidence of differences was observed at 20% NDF. Results indicate that increasing NDF level from 13 to 20% deteriorate performance of 30- to 130- kg pigs; and the improved growth performance of pigs fed PIC2016 Lys curve as compared to those fed PIC2008 Lys curve was only observed when lower NDF level was presented.

142 Evaluation of Proso Millet as a Partial or Complete Replacement for Corn in Growing-finishing Diets for Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 71-72
Author(s):  
Khang A Nguyen ◽  
Melanie D Trenhaile-Grannemann ◽  
Thomas Burkey ◽  
Phillip Miller
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Complete Replacement ◽  
Proso Millet ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing the inclusion of proso millet on the growth performance of growing and finishing pigs. Using a randomized complete block design, 36 crossbred barrows, with an average initial weight of 22.2 kg, were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (9 pens/treatment; 1 pig/pen). Diet 1 was corn-soybean meal-based (control) and Diets 2, 3, and 4 had proso millet replacing 33%, 67%, and 100%, respectively, of corn in the control diet. The diets were formulated according to 4 growth phases (P1, 25 to 50 kg BW; P2, 50 to 75 kg BW; P3, 75 to 100 kg BW; and P4, 100 to 135 kg BW) with nutrient contents formulated according to NRC (2012) recommendations. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS, using pig as the experimental unit. In P1 and P2, no differences in average daily gain (ADG) or average daily feed intake (ADFI) were observed among treatments (P > 0.3). In P3, pigs consuming the proso millet diets had greater ADFI than pigs consuming the basal diet, especially pigs fed Diet 4 compared to pigs fed Diet 1 (3.66 vs. 3.29 kg; P < 0.01). The ADG:ADFI ratio was not affected (P > 0.1) by treatments during this period. In P4, although there was a difference in ADFI between pigs fed Diet 3 and Diet 1 (3.8 vs. 3.47 kg; P = 0.04), no decreases in ADG:ADFI ratio were observed among the four dietary treatments (P > 0.5). Average daily gain was not affected (P > 0.3) by treatments during the growing-finishing period, suggesting that the level of corn replacement up to 100% by proso millet did not affect pig growth. In conclusion, proso millet was shown to effectively replace corn in corn-soybean meal-based diet for growing-finishing pigs without compromising growth performance.

scholarly journals 79 Effects of dietary net energy and neutral detergent fiber levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing finishing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 55-56
Author(s):  
Ning Lu ◽  
Carine Vier ◽  
Wayne Cast ◽  
Uislei Orlando ◽  
Márcio Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Finishing Pigs

Abstract Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding different net energy (NE) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) on performance of growing-finishing pigs from 30- to 135-kg. A total of 2,058 barrows and gilts (PIC 380×Camborough, initial BW 33.4±0.60 kg) were used in a 97-d growth trial with 21 pigs per pen and 14 pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were formulated to contain 2.11, 2.21, 2.32, 2.42, 2.53, 2.63, and 2.73 Mcal NE/kg; and 24.2, 19.7, 15.1, 10.6, 10.2, 9.8, and 9.5% NDF throughout the experiment. Wheat, wheat byproducts, barley, rye, peas, fababeans, and canola oil were used with NRC (2012) loading values to achieve the treatments. Dietary lysine levels were set to meet PIC2016 lysine requirements for finishing gilts. Experimental data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models and linear and quadratic polynomial contrasts were built with pen as the experimental unit. Increasing NE or decreasing NDF improved (linear and quadratic, P< 0.05) average daily gain (ADG), gain-to-feed ratio (G:F), carcass ADG, and carcass G:F (Table 1); but reduced (linear and quadratic, P< 0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI). Comparing to pigs fed 2.42 Mcal/kg diet (energy equivalent to a corn-soybean meal diet), even though those fed 2.11 Mcal/kg diet had 8.7% increment on ADFI, daily NE intake was still 5.4% less. Hot carcass weight, backfat depth, and carcass yield increased (linear and quadratic, P< 0.05) and lean yield decreased (linear and quadratic, P< 0.05) with increasing dietary NE and decreasing NDF. No evidence for differences (P >0.10) were observed for loin depth. Removal and mortality rate was reduced (quadratic, P< 0.05) with increasing dietary NE and decreasing dietary NDF. In summary, increasing dietary NE while reducing dietary NDF resulted in improvements on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and removal and mortality rate.

scholarly journals PSII-20 Evaluation of Different Vitamin Concentrations in a Commercial Wean-to-Finish Program

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 170-171
Author(s):  
Robyn Thompson ◽  
Brandon Knopf ◽  
Carine Vier ◽  
Ning Lu ◽  
Wayne Cast ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Our objective was to evaluate the effects of different vitamin concentrations on growth performance of wean-to-finish pigs under commercial conditions. A total of 900 barrows and gilts (PIC337×Camborough; initially 5.34±0.13 kg) were used in a 136-d growth trial with 25 pigs per pen and 12 pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Experimental diets were fed in 3 phases during nursery (5-6, 6-13, and 13-26 kg) and 5 phases during grow-finish (26-44, 44-65, 65-87, 87-108, and 108-128 kg). Dietary treatments consisted of: 1) NRC: vitamin concentrations following NRC (2012) recommendations; 2) PIC: vitamin concentrations following PIC (2016) recommendations; 3) Low-PIC: vitamin concentrations that ranged from 0 to 91% of PIC recommendations. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit. During the nursery period, pigs fed PIC and Low-PIC diets had greater (P< 0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared to pigs fed NRC diets. There was no evidence (P >0.10) for differences in average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F). During the grow-finish period, there was no evidence (P >0.10) for differences in growth performance. During the overall wean-to-finish period, pigs fed PIC diets had lower (P< 0.05) ADG and final body weight compared to pigs fed NRC and Low-PIC diets. There was no evidence (P >0.10) for differences in ADFI or G:F. Pigs fed PIC diets had the greatest serum vitamin D3 at the end of nursery and finish periods (P< 0.05) and the greatest serum Vitamin E at the end of nursery period (P< 0.05). In summary, pigs fed PIC and Low-PIC diets had greater nursery feed intake and serum vitamin E and D3 concentrations compared to pigs fed NRC diets. Data from this study have demonstrated that pigs fed diets with reduced vitamin concentrations compared to PIC (2016) recommendations had improved wean-to-finish growth rate.

scholarly journals 198 Effects of different dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine specifications on growth performance of grow-finish pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 56-57
Author(s):  
Ning Lu ◽  
Carine Vier ◽  
Wayne Cast ◽  
Uislei Orlando ◽  
Dan Hamilton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Similar Growth ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Growth Trial ◽  
Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine

Abstract The objective was to determine the effects of different standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) specifications on performance of grow-finish pigs. A total of 2,106 pigs (PIC 359×Camborough, initially 22.0±0.43 kg) were used in a 72-d growth trial with 27 pigs per pen and 13 pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were fed corn-soybean-meal-based diets in three phases from 22-41, 41-62, and 62-91 kg body weight (BW). Treatments consisted of low (L) or high (H) SID Lys in each phase: LLL (1.05, 0.88, and 0.73%); LLH (1.05, 0.88, and 0.82%); LHH (1.05, 0.99, and 0.82%); HLL (1.18, 0.88, and 0.73%); HHL (1.18, 0.99, and 0.73%); and HHH (1.18, 0.99, and 0.82%). Lysine curves from PIC2008 and PIC2016 nutrient specification manuals were used to estimate SID Lys levels for L or H diets, respectively. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. From 22-41 kg, feeding high Lys improved (P< 0.10) average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (G:F), and final BW compared to low Lys. From 22-62 kg, feeding HH Lys increased (P< 0.05) ADG compared feeding LL or HL Lys. Pigs fed HH Lys or LH Lys had improved (P< 0.05) G:F compared to those fed LL Lys. Pigs fed LH or HH Lys had greater (P< 0.05) final BW compared to pigs fed HL. Pigs fed HH Lys had greater (P< 0.05) feed intake compared to pigs fed HL. From 22-91 kg, there was no evidence for differences in ADG, feed intake, G:F, or final BW. In summary, pigs fed 1.18% SID Lys had improved ADG, G:F, and final BW compared to pigs fed 1.05% SID Lys from 22-41 kg. Feeding a range of Lys specifications resulted in similar growth performance from 22-91 kg.

172 Effects of Dietary Valine, Isoleucine, and Tryptophan Supplementations to Diets Containing Excess Leucine from Corn Protein on Growth Performance of Growing Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 61-62
Author(s):  
Woongbi Bi Kwon ◽  
Jose A Soto ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Corn Protein ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that addition of Val, Ile, or Trp alone or in combination will reduce the negative effects of excess Leu in diets for growing pigs. A total of 288 growing pigs (28.6 ± 2.5 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 9 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. There were 2 barrows and 2 gilts in each pen and 8 replicate pens per treatment. A control diet based on corn and soybean meal and 8 diets based on corn and a high-protein corn product (48% crude protein) with 2 levels of crystalline L-Val (0 or 0.10%), L-Ile (0 or 0.10%), and L-Trp (0 or 0.05%) were formulated. The crystalline L-Val, L-Ile, and L-Trp increased standardized ileal digestible (SID) Val:Lys from 70 to 80%, SID Ile:Lys from 53 to 63%, and SID Trp:Lys from 18 to 23%, respectively. All diets were formulated to contain 1.00% SID Lys and the 8 diets containing corn protein contained 171% SID Leu:Lys. Individual pig weights were recorded at the beginning and at the conclusion of the 28-d experiment. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS with a pen as the experimental unit. Diet was the fixed effect and block and replicate within block were random effects. Results indicated that final body weight and average daily gain were not different between pigs fed the control diet and pigs fed the diet with Val and Trp addition, but greater (P < 0.001) than for pigs fed the diet with Val addition, Ile addition, Trp addition, Val and Ile addition, Ile and Trp addition, or Val, Ile, and Trp addition (Table 1). In conclusion, addition of Val and Trp to diets with excess Leu may prevent negative effects of excess Leu in diets for growing pigs.

A time-series effect of phytase supplementation on phosphorus utilization in growing and finishing pigs fed a low-phosphorus diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olufemi Oluwaseun Babatunde ◽  
Olayiwola Adeola
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Two experiments were carried out to determine a time-series effect of phytase on phosphorus (P) utilization in growing and finishing pigs using growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, P excretion, and plasma concentrations of minerals as the response criteria for evaluation. In both experiments, treatments were arranged as a 3 × 4 factorial in a randomized complete block design with 3 corn–soybean meal-based diets including a P-adequate positive control (PC), a low-P negative control (NC; no inorganic P), and NC supplemented with phytase at 1,000 FYT/kg (NC + 1,000); and 4 sampling time points at days 7, 14, 21, and 28 in experiment 1, and days 14, 26, 42, and 55 in experiment 2. In both trials, 96 growing pigs with average body weight (BW) of 19.8 ± 1.16 and 49.8 ± 3.21 kg, respectively, were allocated to the 3 diets with 8 replicates pens (4 barrows and 4 gilts) and 4 pigs per pen. In experiment 1, pigs fed the PC had higher (P < 0.01) BW, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) when compared with pigs fed the NC. There was an interaction (P < 0.01) between time and diet on the BW and ADG of pigs while a linear and quadratic increase (P < 0.01) was observed with the ADFI and G:F, respectively, over time. Phytase supplementation improved (P < 0.01) all growth performance responses. Pigs fed the PC had greater (P < 0.01) ATTD of P and Ca than pigs fed the NC. There was no interaction effect on the ATTD of nutrients. Phytase addition improved the ATTD of P and Ca over pigs fed the NC. There was an interaction (P < 0.01) between diet and time on the total and water-soluble P (WSP) excreted. There was a quadratic decrease (P < 0.01) in plasma concentration of Ca in pigs over time. In experiment 2, there was a quadratic increase (P < 0.01) in BW, ADG, and G:F of pigs over time. Similarly, the inclusion of phytase improved (P < 0.05) all growth performance parameters except ADFI. A linear increase (P < 0.05) in the ATTD of DM, P, and Ca occurred over time. Phytase inclusion improved (P < 0.01) the ATTD of P and Ca. Plasma concentrations of P were improved by phytase addition. Phytase supplementation of the NC reduced WSP excretion by 45%, 32%, and 35% over the growing, finishing, and entire grow-finish period, respectively. In conclusion, phytase improves the utilization of P in growing and finishing pigs; however, the magnitude of effect on responses may vary over time.

scholarly journals Evaluation of an active live yeast (Levucell Saccharomyces cerevisiae, CNCM l-1077) on receiving and backgrounding period growth performance and efficiency of dietary net energy utilization in low health risk beef steers1

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary K Smith ◽  
Kip Karges ◽  
Angel Aguilar
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Live Yeast

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the influence of an active live yeast direct-fed microbial (DFM) product on receiving and backgrounding period growth performance and efficiency of dietary net energy (NE) utilization in low health risk beef steers. Maine-Anjou × Angus steers (n = 199; body weight [BW] = 252 ± 32.1 kg) were received from two sources at the Ruminant Nutrition Center in Brookings, SD, in November 2019 and used in a 77-d feedlot receiving and backgrounding experiment. Steers were provided access to long-stem hay and ad libitum water upon arrival. Steers were weighed, vaccinated for respiratory pathogens (source 2 only): infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhea types 1 and 2, parainfluenza-3 virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (Bovi-Shield Gold 5, Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ) vaccinated for clostridial species (Ultrabac 7/Somubac, Zoetis) and pour-on moxidectin (Cydectin, Bayer, Shawnee Mission, KS). Steers (n = 176 steers; initial unshrunk BW = 235 ± 27.6 kg) were allotted to pens (n = 20 pens; 10 pens per treatment; eight or nine steers per pen). Diets were based upon corn silage, dry-rolled corn, and dried distillers grains; dietary treatments were 1) no DFM (CON) and 2) DFM (Levucell SC, Advantage Titan, CNCM l-1077), fed at 10 g/steer/d providing 8 × 109 CFU of active live yeast to each steer daily (DFM). Initial BW was the average of day −1 and day 1 BW (n = 176 steers; initial BW = 253 ± 27.6 kg). On day 21, steers received a 200-mg progesterone and 20-mg estradiol benzoate implant. Data were analyzed from day 1 to 47 (receiving period), day 48 to 77, and from day 1 to 77 as a randomized complete block design; pen served as the experimental unit for all analyses. On day 47 of the experiment, DFM had greater BW (P = 0.01) by 0.9% and average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.01) by 4.2% and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) tended (P = 0.13) to be 2.8% greater. Day 77 BW did not differ (P = 0.60), cumulative (days 1–77): ADG (P = 0.47), dry matter intake (P = 0.66), and G:F (P = 0.56) were similar. Yeast inclusion had no appreciable influence on performance-based dietary NE utilization or the ratio of observed/expected dietary NE (P ≥ 0.59). In low health risk steers, DFM improved performance during the feedlot receiving period. However, no improvements for DFM were detected for cumulative performance from day 1 to 77. The confirmation of yeast counts indicated the CFU to be above the expected level at the start of the trial but was found below expected level at the end of the trial. This may explain differences during the initial 47 d compared to cumulative growth performance results.

scholarly journals PSX-36 Effect of forage neutral digestion fiber level for feedlot lambs: growth performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 451-451
Author(s):  
Josue Godinez ◽  
Alejandro Plascencia ◽  
Francisco Castrejón-Pineda ◽  
Juan Carlos Ramírez-Orejel ◽  
Luis Corona
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Feedlot Lambs ◽  
Sheep Production ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract The main objective of sheep production in Mexico is the production of meat. The greater demand of sheep meat in relation to the offer generated an attractive market that favored the intensification of the fattening, to take advantage of the growth of lambs in its different stages, and reduce the days of fattening. Thirty-two lambs (28.50± 2.67 kg initial shrunk weight) were used in a 63-day feeding trial (4 pens per treatment, randomized complete block design) to evaluate neutral detergent fiber level (4, 8, 12, and 16% diet DM) on finishing-phase growth performance, dietary energetics and carcass traits. Dietary treatments consisted of a cracked corn-based diet in which the NDF concentration of diet was manipulated by replacing cracked corn grain by corn stubble. Dietary NDF level showed a quadratic response on average daily gain and gain efficiency, being those maximal at 8% NDF level. Lambs fed 8% NDF level tended (P = 0.07) to shown greater dry matter intake than others treatments. The ratio of observed-to-expected dietary net energy was 3% lower (0.97) for lambs fed 4% NDF, while the ratio of observed-to-expected dietary net energy for lambs that were fed with 8, 16 and 16% NDF were closely to 1.00. Hot carcass weight (HCW) and dressing percentage (DP) were maximal for the lambs fed 8% NDF level (quadratic effect, P ≤ 0.03); beyond this level, HCW and DP percentage decreased as NDF level increased. Using corn stubble as source of NDF in growing-finishing diets for lambs, the optimal NDF level was 8%. Fiber level below 8% decreases net energy utilization, and this may be cause by digestive disorders. Fiber levels upper 8% did not affect energy utilization; however, affect negatively average daily gain, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics by effect of high levels of fiber on energy dilution of diet.

scholarly journals 450 Late-Breaking: Effects of bedding on feedlot receiving phase growth performance in beef steers during the winter in eastern South Dakota

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 141-142
Author(s):  
Dathan Smerchek ◽  
Zachary K Smith
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
South Dakota ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Phase Growth ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Two-hundred and forty English × Continental beef steers (initial BW=365 kg [SD 22.5]) were used in a randomized complete block design to evaluate the effects of bedding application during a 36 d feedlot receiving phase on growth performance and efficiency during winter. Steers were allotted to 30 pens (n = 8 steers/pen) at the Ruminant Nutrition Center in Brookings, SD and pens were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) No bedding applied (NO) or 2) 1.8 kg (as-is basis) of wheat straw bedding/steer/d (BED). Due to the logistics of acquiring, weighing, and timely feeding of steers, the first 9 pen replicates began on test 14 d prior (begin: January 15, 2019 and end: February 20, 2019) to the last 6 pen replicates (begin: January 29, 2019 and end: March 6, 2019). Pen was the experimental unit; an α of 0.05 determined significance. Daily ambient temperature (n = 50) averaged -14.7°C [SD 5.63] and wind-chill (n = 50) averaged -17.7°C [SD 6.40]. Initial BW (365 vs. 365 ± 0.5 kg) and dry matter intake (8.19 vs. 8.22 ± 0.047 kg) did not differ (P ≥ 0.57) between NO and BED. End BW was greater for BED (P = 0.01; 419 vs. 402 ± 1.09 kg) compared to NO. Steers from BED had increased average daily gain (P = 0.01) by 48.0% and gain:feed (P = 0.01) by 49.2% over NO. Using tabular ingredient energy values and observed steer performance shrunk 4%, relative adjustments to metabolic rate were calculated. Estimated metabolic rate was elevated (P = 0.01) for NO (0.146 vs. 0.104 ± 0.0032 Mcal/BW0.75, kg). Bedding improves feedlot receiving phase growth and efficiency in eastern South Dakota during the winter. Under the environmental conditions of this experiment, steers have a 40.4% increased metabolic rate when bedding is not used and steers in bedded pens had a 35.1% increase in metabolic rate compared to (0.077 Mcal/BW0.75, kg).

scholarly journals 173 Effects of dietary analyzed calcium to analyzed phosphorus ratio on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and bone mineralization in 26- to 127-kg pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 101-101
Author(s):  
Carine M Vier ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Márcio A D Gonçalves ◽  
Uislei A D Orlando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Growth Trial ◽  
Ca:P Ratio

Abstract Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding different analyzed calcium to phosphorus (Ca:P) ratios on performance of growing-finishing pigs from 26 to 127-kg. A total of 1,134 barrows and gilts (PIC 359×Camborough, initial BW 26.3 ± 0.71 kg) were used in a 110-d growth trial with 27 pigs per pen and 7 pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. The 6 dietary treatments were formulated to contain 0:75:1, 1.00:1, 1.25:1, 1.50:1, 1.75:1, and 2.00:1 analyzed Ca:P ratio. All diets were corn-soybean meal-based and were formulated to contain adequate standardized total tract digestible P (approximately 122% of NRC 2012 estimates) for the weight range in all 4 dietary phases. Treatments were achieved by increasing calcium carbonate at the expense of corn while maintaining a constant level of monocalcium phosphate. Experimental data were analyzed using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. Increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and final BW. Feed efficiency (G:F) was relatively similar across analyzed Ca:P ratios of 0.75:1 to 1.75:1 but worsened (quadratic, P < 0.05) at the highest ratio of 2.00:1. Hot carcass weight (HCW) and carcass ADG increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) while carcass yield decreased (quadratic, P < 0.05) with increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio. Bone mineralization increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) with increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio. For ADG, ADFI, G:F, and bone ash, the quadratic polynomial model demonstrated the best fit. The maximum responses in ADG, ADFI, G:F, HCW, and bone ash were estimated at 1.38:1, 1.49:1, 1.29:1, 1.25:1, and 1.93:1 analyzed Ca:P ratio, respectively. In conclusion, for growing-finishing pigs from 26 to 127-kg fed diets adequate in STTD P, the analyzed Ca:P ratio to maximize growth performance and HCW criteria ranged from 1.25:1 to 1.49:1. A higher analyzed Ca:P ratio, estimated at 1.93:1, was required to maximize bone mineralization.

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