Changes in activity rates in the cherry shrimp Neocaridina davidi Bouvier, 1904 (Decapoda: Caridea: Atyidae) in response to concentrations of neuropeptides and glucose

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 689-694
Author(s):  
Joseph S Stout ◽  
Carla L Granda ◽  
Molly L Mancuso
Keyword(s):  
Food Pellet ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Dopaminergic Drugs ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Food Seeking ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Reduced Activity ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Although behavioral studies of whole animals are usually undertaken on rats and mice, studies in crustaceans offer an alternative group that provides new evolutionary insights into the relationship between physiology and behavior. In the cherry shrimp Neocaridina davidi (Bouvier, 1904), food-seeking movement increases in response to glutamate (MSG), decreases when exposed to dopamine, and increases when exposed to glucose. Activity of shrimp individuals was observed in 4l tanks over twenty minutes after individuals were exposed to treatments applied directly into the water. Glutamate-stimulated seeking behavior was statistically similar to seeking behavior after exposure to food pellet filtrate. Glucose also stimulated seeking behavior, but with a reduction over time, whereas MSG-stimulated seeking behavior increased over time. Insulin reduced activity but showed no effect when paired with glucose, whereas dopamine increased activity when paired with glucose. This was contrary to the reduced activity observed when dopamine was paired with MSG. The decrease in activity after exposure to dopamine also contrasts with vertebrate (rat) models where dopaminergic drugs such as caffeine and cocaine are stimulants. The stimulatory effect of dopamine paired with glucose was unexpected given its inhibitory effect on its own or when paired with MSG. This crustacean-based model aims to give new insights regarding the role of inhibitory and stimulatory neurotransmitters on the behavior of whole crustacean individuals. These mechanisms show different results than predicted by vertebrate models, implying either differences in underlying physiology, problems with the vertebrate models, or both.

scholarly journals Discriminative stimuli are sufficient for incubation of cocaine craving

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajtarun Madangopal ◽  
Brendan J Tunstall ◽  
Lauren E Komer ◽  
Sophia J Weber ◽  
Jennifer K Hoots ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relapse Prevention ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Drug Addicts ◽  
Palatable Food ◽  
Discriminative Stimuli ◽  
Cocaine Craving ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Food Seeking ◽  
Over Time

In abstinent drug addicts, cues formerly associated with drug-taking experiences gain relapse-inducing potency (‘incubate’) over time. Animal models of incubation may help develop treatments to prevent relapse, but these models have ubiquitously focused on the role of conditioned stimuli (CSs) signaling drug delivery. Discriminative stimuli (DSs) are unique in that they exert stimulus-control over both drug taking and drug seeking behavior and are difficult to extinguish. For this reason, incubation of the excitatory effects of DSs that signal drug availability, not yet examined in preclinical studies, could be relevant to relapse prevention. We trained rats to self-administer cocaine (or palatable food) under DS control, then investigated DS-controlled incubation of craving, in the absence of drug-paired CSs. DS-controlled cocaine (but not palatable food) seeking incubated over 60 days of abstinence and persisted up to 300 days. Understanding the neural mechanisms of this DS-controlled incubation holds promise for drug relapse treatments.

Music Information Seeking Opportunities and Behavior Then and Now

2016 ◽  
pp. 42-57
Author(s):  
Kirstin Dougan
Keyword(s):  
Information Seeking ◽  
User Behavior ◽  
Information Seeking Behavior ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Music Information ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Over Time

This Chapter provides a summary of the challenges faced by music searchers and a chronological overview of how music information seeking capabilities and resulting user behavior in library settings have changed over time as bibliographic control tools have evolved from card catalogs to online discovery systems. It revisits some of the studies reviewed by King in 2005 and also evaluates studies done in the decade since, identifying trends in music information seeking behavior. Finally, it looks briefly at recommendations for music requirements in catalogs and specialized interfaces.

Raza, ciencia, sociedad

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Wade
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Discourse ◽  
Human Biology ◽  
Science And Society ◽  
Race Science ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Over Time

<p class="p1"><span class="s1"><strong>Resumen </strong></span>| En este trabajo quiero presentar una cronología convencional del concepto raza que marca un movimiento en el cual raza cambia de ser una idea basada en la cultura y el medio ambiente, a ser algo biológico, inflexible y determinante, para luego volver a ser una noción que habla de la cultura<span class="s2"><strong>.</strong></span>Resumo cómo la idea de raza ha cambiado a través del tiempo, mirando necesariamente el rol que ha desempeñado la ciencia, y enfocando los diferentes discursos de índole <em>natural-cultural </em>sobre los cuerpos, el medio ambiente y el comportamiento, en los cuales las dimensiones culturales y naturales siempre coexisten<span class="s2"><strong>.</strong></span>“La naturaleza” no puede ser entendida solamente como “la biología” y ni la naturaleza ni la biología necesariamente implican sólo el determinismo, la fijeza y la inmutabilidad Estar abiertos a la coexistencia de la cultura y la naturaleza y a la mutabilidad de la naturaleza nos permite ver mejor el ámbito de acción del pensamiento racial.</p><p class="p1"><strong><em>Race, Science and Society</em></strong></p><p class="p1"> </p><p class="p2"><span class="s1"><strong>Abstract </strong></span>| In this article I present and critique a standard chronology of race as, first, a concept rooted in culture and environment, and later in human biology and determinism, and finally back to culture alone<span class="s2"><strong><em>.</em></strong></span>I will outline changing understandings of race over time, with some attention to the role of science, broadly understood, and on the continuing but changing character of race as a natural-cultural discourse about organic bodies, environments and behavior, in which both cultural and natural dimensions always co-exist<span class="s2"><strong><em>.</em></strong></span>“Nature” is not to be understood simply as “biology,” and neither nature nor biology necessarily imply the fixity and determination that they are often assumed nowadays to involve<span class="s2"><strong><em>.</em></strong></span>Being open to the co-existence of culture and nature and the mutability of the latter allows us to better comprehend the whole range of action of racial thinking.</p>

PENERAPAN TIPOLOGI PASAR, ARSITEKTUR DAN PERILAKU GENERASI Z PADA PERANCANGAN PASAR MASA DEPAN DI GONDANGDIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 995
Author(s):  
Irwin Irwin ◽  
Doddy Yuono
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Design Strategy ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Future Market ◽  
Generation Z ◽  
Equal Space ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

The pandemic caused by the corona virus has changed the lifestyle of humans, both directly and indirectly, especially generation Z in Jakarta. The way humans meet their primary needs also changes over time. Many of generation Z decide to shop online to meet their individual needs. Generation Z defines balance as one of the things that is seen in living life, including meeting their needs and interacting with others. The Future Market in Gondangdia exists as a forum that provides space for buying and selling transactions to be more interactive, creative, flexible, and in accordance with health protocols. Through dis-programming, combining creative buying and selling programs and public space as one unit in a design is one of the methods used in designing architectural programs. The combination of the two programs creates an equal space with alternate uses depending on time. The emerging market typology method and its relation to Z generation architecture and behavior become a design strategy in designing. This provides an innovative and interactive buying and selling space according to the needs of generation Z. Keywords: Buy and sell spaces; Public spaces; Future markets; Generation Z; Buy and sell; Dis-programming AbstrakPandemi yang disebabkan oleh virus korona telah mengubah gaya hidup manusia, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung, khususnya generasi Z di Jakarta. Cara manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhan primernya pun berubah seiring berjalannya waktu. Banyak dari generasi Z memutuskan untuk berbelanja online untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya masing-masing. Generasi Z mendefinisikan keseimbangan sebagai salah satu hal yang dilihat dalam menjalani kehiduoan termasuk dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya dan berinteraksi dengan sesamanya. Melalui dis-programming memadukan program jual beli kreatif dan ruang publik sebagai satu kesatuan di dalam sebuah desain merupakan salah satu metodw yang digunakan dalam perancangan program arsitektur. Perpaduan kedua program tersebut menciptakan sebuah ruang yang sama dengan penggunaanya bergantian tergantung oleh waktu. Metode tipologi pasar yang berkembang dan kaitannya dengan arsitektur dan perilaku generasi Z menjadi strategi desain dalam merancang. Hal ini memberikan ruang jual beli yang inovatif dan interaktif sesuai dengan kebutuhan generasi Z.

Incomplete grounding: the theory of symbolic separation is contradicted by pervasive stability in attitudes and behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleg Urminsky
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Multiple Domains ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
Over Time

Abstract The proposed theory is broad enough to accommodate the reduction or elimination of prior influences by a variety of acts symbolizing separation (including cleansing). However, it does not account for stability in psychological variables, and is contradicted by widely documented stability in people's actual attitudes and behavior over time, in multiple domains, despite people's pervasive everyday acts of symbolic separation.

scholarly journals Recovery of neural dynamics criticality in personalized whole brain models of stroke

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo P. Rocha ◽  
Loren Koçillari ◽  
Samir Suweis ◽  
Michele De Filippo De Grazia ◽  
Michel Thiebaut de Schotten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Dynamics ◽  
Dynamical Models ◽  
Functional Architecture ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Optimal Response ◽  
Single Subjects ◽  
Optimal Function ◽  
Brain Models ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTThe critical brain hypothesis states that biological neuronal networks, because of their structural and functional architecture, work near phase transitions for optimal response to internal and external inputs. Criticality thus provides optimal function and behavioral capabilities. We test this hypothesis by examining the influence of brain injury (strokes) on the criticality of neural dynamics estimated at the level of single subjects using whole-brain models. Lesions engendered a sub-critical state that recovered over time in parallel with behavior. Notably, this improvement of criticality depended on the re-modeling of specific white matter connections. In summary, personalized whole-brain dynamical models poised at criticality track neural dynamics, alteration post-stroke, and behavior at the level of single subjects.

scholarly journals Orexin receptor blockers: A tool for lowering alcohol intake and alcohol addictive behavior in the light of preclinical studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 959-969
Author(s):  
Kamila Czora-Poczwardowska ◽  
Radosław Kujawski ◽  
Julia Słyńko-Krzyżostaniak ◽  
Przemysław Ł. Mikołajczak ◽  
Michał Szulc
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Selective Reduction ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Sugar Solution ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Potential Efficacy ◽  
Bioactive Ligands ◽  
Receptor Blockers ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a severe and globally widespread neurological and psychiatric problem. The treatment with currently used drugs often does not bring the expected effect. New optimization methods or directions in pharmacotherapy are still being sought. The group of bioactive ligands, targeted at neuropeptides called orexins (OXs) and their receptors (OXRs), affects a number of functions including ingestion, sleep-wake regulation, as well as the brain reward system which is the basis of addiction. The purpose of this paper is to systematize the knowledge in the field of preclinical behavioral studies on rodents (rats and mice) in several models of alcohol consumption using the OXRs antagonists. The results of the experiments indicated a potential efficacy of particular OXRs antagonists in the AUD treatment, especially those selectively blocking the OX1R. Among them, SB-334867 in the lowest effective dose of 3 mg/kg i.p. was most studied, as shown in the model of two-bottle choice using C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, this compound did not affect the reduction of cognitive functions. GSK1059865 was also involved in the selective reduction of ethanol intake, and simultaneously did not alter the consumption of sugar solution. The other group of selective OX2R antagonists, such as TCS-OX2-29 and LSN2424100, was less efficient. In summary, the OX1R antagonists proved to have the potential in AUD therapy, not only through the reduction of ethanol consumption but also in the treatment of coexisting behavioral and physiological disorders, such as insomnia and anxiety.

scholarly journals Persistent Wrinkles and Folds of Clothes

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byung-Cheol Kim ◽  
Seungwoo Oh ◽  
Kwangyun Wohn
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Energy Model ◽  
Stiffness Coefficients ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Linear Buckling ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Rest Posture ◽  
Over Time

We present a novel approach to woven-cloth simu-lation in order to generate persistent wrinkles and folds. For a couple of decades, our community has identified and mimicked non-linear buckling of cloth based on the mechanical measure-ment of cloth. It has, however, scarcely paid attention to another important aspect of the measurement, the hysteresis of cloth be-haviors, which is the lag of the amount of forces between stress and relaxation. Our interpretation of the measurement indicates that persistent wrinkles and folds develop in part from the hyste-resis of cloth and its associated energy loss. Thus, we establish an adaptive energy model which takes stiffness coefficients and rest posture values not as constants but as variables over time and behavior. As stiffness coefficients and rest posture values change in proportion to the amount of the energy loss, they appear as persistent wrinkles and folds. Consequently, the clothes simulated by our method bring more realism with respect to visual identi-fication for past behaviors of cloth.

scholarly journals A prospective study of the motivational and health dynamics of Internet Gaming Disorder

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew K Przybylski
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factor ◽  
Internet Gaming Disorder ◽  
Need Satisfaction ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Gaming Disorder ◽  
Internet Gaming ◽  
Health Dynamics ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Over Time

The American Psychiatric Association has identified Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) as a potential psychiatric condition and called for research to investigate its etiology, stability, and impacts on health and behavior. The present study recruited 5,777 American adults and applied self-determination theory to examine how motivational factors influence, and are influenced by, IGD and health across a six month period. Following a preregistered analysis plan, results confirmed our hypotheses that IGD criteria are moderately stable and that they and basic psychological need satisfaction have a reciprocal relationship over time. Results also showed need satisfaction promoted health and served as a protective factor against IGD. Contrary to what was hypothesized, results provided no evidence directly linking IGD to health over time. Exploratory analyses suggested that IGD may have indirect effects on health by way of its impact on basic needs. Implications are discussed in terms of existing gaming addiction and motivational frameworks.

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