Comparison of the Efficacy and Phytotoxicity of Phosphine and Ethyl Formate for Controlling Pseudococcus longispinus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and Pseudococcus orchidicola on Imported Foliage Nursery Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2149-2156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yejin Kyung ◽  
Hyun Kyung Kim ◽  
Sung Woo Cho ◽  
Bong-Su Kim ◽  
Jeong-Oh Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Ethyl Formate ◽  
Sorption Rate ◽  
Pseudococcus Longispinus ◽  
High Sorption ◽  
Fumigation Chamber ◽  
Nursery Plant ◽  
Schefflera Arboricola

Abstract The fumigation activity of phosphine (PH3) and ethyl formate (EF) and their phytotoxicity to 13 imported foliage nursery plant species were evaluated. The lethal concentration and time (LCT99) values of the PH3 indicated that the susceptibility of the nymphs (3.95 and <0.45 mg·h/liter, respectively) was higher than that of the adults (5.29 and 3.66 mg·h/liter, respectively) of two mealybugs [Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti) and P. orchidicola Takahashi]. The highest concentration reduction rate of PH3 and EF on the 13 foliage nursery plants in the 12-liter desiccator was 41.5% for Heteropanax fragrans and 71.7% for Schefflera arboricola, respectively, which indicates that PH3 has a lower sorption rate than EF. The phytotoxicities of PH3-treated foliage nursery plants did not significantly differ from those of the nontreated plants, but EF caused phytotoxicity in 11 foliage nursery plants a week after treatment. When the exposure time of PH3 increased to 24 h, the adults and nymphs of both mealybug species showed 100% mortality in the 0.5 m3 fumigation chamber. In the 10 m3 fumigation container used in the field, there was 100% mortality of both mealybugs after treatment with 2 g/m3 PH3 for 24 h at 16°C. These results indicate that EF is not a suitable mealybug fumigant due to its high sorption and phytotoxicity to foliage nursery plants, despite fumigation activity against the two species. However, PH3 seems to be suitable for mealybug fumigation in foliage nursery plants and can be used as a substitute for methyl bromide.

scholarly journals The tolerance of tomato potato psyllid life stages to ethyl formate

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 91-97
Author(s):  
L.E. Jamieson ◽  
M.J. Griffin ◽  
N.E.M. Page-Weir ◽  
S.P. Redpath ◽  
A. Chhagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Product Quality ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Ethyl Formate ◽  
Potato Psyllid ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Complete Elimination ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Egg Mortality

Methyl bromide fumigation became mandatory for capsicums and truss tomatoes exported to Australia after tomato potato psyllid (TPP) was detected in 2006 in New Zealand Methyl bromide detrimentally affects product quality by increasing rots and the browning of the green stems An alternative being tested is ethyl formate (EF) and carbon dioxide commercially available as VAPORMATEreg; This study examined the tolerances of different life stages of TPP to EF Eggs were considerably more tolerant of EF than adults and nymphs Complete elimination of egg hatch was achieved after a 1h exposure to 119 EF In contrast all nymphs and adults were killed after a 1h exposure to 012 and 006 EF respectively Assessment of egg mortality was altered to better reflect the posthatch treatment effects on nymph survival In a subsequent egg age tolerance trial mean lethal concentrations for 99 mortality ranged from ca 1 EF for young and older eggs to ca 15 EF for midaged eggs

scholarly journals Efficacy of ethyl formate as a disinfestation treatment for codling moth (Cydia pomonella) in apples

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 167-175
Author(s):  
L.E. Jamieson ◽  
N.E.M. Page-Weir ◽  
M.J. Griffin ◽  
S.P. Redpath ◽  
A. Chhagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Ethyl Formate ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Codling moth (CM Cydia pomonella) is a pest of quarantine concern on apple exports to Asian markets Apples exported to Japan must be fumigated with methyl bromide (MB) and then cold stored Ethyl formate (EF) as an alternative to MB is effective against a range of pests This project investigated the effectiveness of EF to control an internal pest such as CM by determining the responses of key insect stages without fruit and inside apples Trials without fruit in a 2 h fumigation showed that latestage CM eggs and third instar CM larvae were the most tolerant life stages requiring a mean concentration of 134194 EF to achieve 99 mortality but 100 mortality of 4th/5th instar CM larvae Trials with CM in fruit in a 2 h fumigation showed that 113 EF resulted in 534 mortality of 4th/5th CM larvae inside apples Increasing the mean concentration to 24 EF increased the mortality of 4th/5th larvae inside apples to 852

scholarly journals Ethyl Formate as a Methyl Bromide Alternative for Phytosanitary Disinfestation of Imported Banana in Korea With Logistical Considerations

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 1711-1717
Author(s):  
Min-Goo Park ◽  
Chung-Gyoo Park ◽  
Jeong-Oh Yang ◽  
Gil-Hah Kim ◽  
Yonglin Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Ethyl Formate ◽  
Similar Efficacy ◽  
Target System ◽  
Planococcus Citri ◽  
Packing Materials ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Loading Ratio ◽  
Materials Used

Abstract Methyl bromide (MB) use for quarantine and phytosanitary purposes is being phased out. Several effective MB alternatives have been identified depending on the target system. Industry commitment for the shift to new technologies will depend not only on the efficacy of alternatives but also on their compatibility and integrability into existing operations. We compared the efficacy of MB and ethyl formate (EF) for disinfestation of Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) as a representative surface pest on banana and evaluated whether EF fumigation is compatible with the current packaging materials and loading ratio used by the South Korean banana import industry. Fumigation trials with P. citri adults and eggs showed that EF was at least as effective as MB at the EF and MB concentrations recommended under the current phytosanitary disinfestation guidelines. From a logistical standpoint, EF gas could not effectively penetrate plastic bagging typically used in banana cartons during commercial shipping. Also, EF sorption to bananas and packing materials (used as cushioning inside bagging) further lowered realized EF concentrations around bananas. These reductions in EF concentration translated into reduced mortality of P. citri eggs, indicating that despite similar efficacy of MB and EF for controlling P. citri, further consideration and optimization of other industry logistics such as packaging and loading ratio is necessary to enhance the adoption of this MB alternative.

Optimization and Validation of HS-SPME-GCMS Method for Determination of Multifumigant Residues in Grain, Oilseeds, Nuts, and Dry Fruit

2019 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 1877-1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Du ◽  
Wenjuan Zhang ◽  
Bo Liu ◽  
Tao Liu ◽  
Yu Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Propylene Oxide ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Ethyl Formate ◽  
Ethyl Bromide ◽  
Gas Chromatograph ◽  
Sulfuryl Fluoride ◽  
Dried Fruit ◽  
Food Matrices

Abstract Background: Fumigants are approved in many countries and used to treat food, feed, and seed. The amount of residue that remains in fumigated materials is measured and reported. Objective: The optimization and validation of a high-sensitivity headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (HS-SPME-GCMS) method for determination of eight fumigant residues—phosphine, methyl bromide, cyanogen, sulfuryl fluoride, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, ethyl bromide and ethyl formate—in a range of food matrices were developed. The food matrices included grain, oilseed, dried fruit, and nut. Methods: The new method was used to determine residue levels from a fumigant complex in food matrices by monitoring the change of the absorption of spiked standards and desorption of fumigant from fumigated samples. Results: Based on the observation, the process of physical sorption and chemisorption was defined. The equilibrium time of the sample analysis was chosen at 5 hours. The LODs of the fumigants were in the range of 0.03 to 1.99 ng/g. Response to a range of diluted authentic standards gave significant linear regressions (r2 &gt; 0.9983), and the RSDs were ≤8.7% at the 3 ng/g level of aged spiking standard, except for sulfuryl fluoride, for which the LOD was 1.99 ng/g and the RSD value was 39.7% (6.64 ng/g). Conclusions: The performance of the HS-SPME-GCMS method was more sensitive than the use of a gas syringe, except for sulfuryl fluoride. Highlights: An innovative multifumigant residue detection method based on HS-SPME sampling technology with gas chromatograph-mass selective detection (GC-MSD) analysis was established, including phosphine, methyl bromide, cyanogen, sulfuryl fluoride, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, ethyl bromide, and ethyl formate; The first report of a sorption study of the process of physical sorption and chemisorption of residual fumigant in fruit and food matrices by an HS-SPME-GCMS method; Consider the effect of time on fumigant behavior in dried fruit, grain, and nut; The LODs of the fumigants were in the range of 0.03 to 1.99 ng/g.

scholarly journals Analysis of Fumigant Residues—A Critical Review

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 1261-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M Desmarchelier ◽  
Yong-Lin Ren
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Chemistry ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Carbonyl Sulfide ◽  
Ethyl Formate

Abstract This review concentrates on the main fumigants currently applied to commodities: phosphine (PH3) and methyl bromide (CH3Br). It discusses possible new fumigants, such as carbonyl sulfide (COS) and ethyl formate (EtF), that may be able to be applied in such a way that “residues” after fumigation do not exceed the range of natural levels. The review aims to raise some general issues and to suggest some general conclusions from a synthesis of studies on analytical chemistry and on fumigant behavior.

scholarly journals Effect of Plant Characteristics and Within-Plant Distribution of Prey on Colonization Efficiency ofCryptolaemus montrouzieri(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Adults

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Folukemi Adedipe ◽  
Yong-Lak Park
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Plant Distribution ◽  
Cryptolaemus Montrouzieri ◽  
Pseudococcus Longispinus ◽  
Inundative Biological Control ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Plant Characteristics

Cryptolaemus montrouzieri(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) has been widely used in classical and inundative biological control of mealybugs, including the long-tailed mealybug,Pseudococcus longispinus(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). This study was conducted to investigate colonization and establishment efficiency ofC. montrouzierito manageP. longispinuson three different ornamental plant species (Ficus elastica, Lilium longiflorum, andDieffenbachia seguine). Within-plant distribution pattern ofP. longispinusand the colonization ecology of adultC. montrouzieriwere investigated. Significantly moreP. longispinuswere found on the upper parts of the plants regardless of plant species, andC. montrouzieriadults discoveredP. longispinussignificantly faster when they were released on the top of the plants than on the bottom. Choice tests revealed thatC. montrouzieriadults preferred smallerP. longispinusnymphs. The implications for utilization ofC. montrouzierifor biological control of mealybugs on various ornamental plants are discussed.

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