scholarly journals Ethyl Formate as a Methyl Bromide Alternative for Phytosanitary Disinfestation of Imported Banana in Korea With Logistical Considerations

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 1711-1717
Author(s):  
Min-Goo Park ◽  
Chung-Gyoo Park ◽  
Jeong-Oh Yang ◽  
Gil-Hah Kim ◽  
Yonglin Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Ethyl Formate ◽  
Similar Efficacy ◽  
Target System ◽  
Planococcus Citri ◽  
Packing Materials ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Loading Ratio ◽  
Materials Used

Abstract Methyl bromide (MB) use for quarantine and phytosanitary purposes is being phased out. Several effective MB alternatives have been identified depending on the target system. Industry commitment for the shift to new technologies will depend not only on the efficacy of alternatives but also on their compatibility and integrability into existing operations. We compared the efficacy of MB and ethyl formate (EF) for disinfestation of Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) as a representative surface pest on banana and evaluated whether EF fumigation is compatible with the current packaging materials and loading ratio used by the South Korean banana import industry. Fumigation trials with P. citri adults and eggs showed that EF was at least as effective as MB at the EF and MB concentrations recommended under the current phytosanitary disinfestation guidelines. From a logistical standpoint, EF gas could not effectively penetrate plastic bagging typically used in banana cartons during commercial shipping. Also, EF sorption to bananas and packing materials (used as cushioning inside bagging) further lowered realized EF concentrations around bananas. These reductions in EF concentration translated into reduced mortality of P. citri eggs, indicating that despite similar efficacy of MB and EF for controlling P. citri, further consideration and optimization of other industry logistics such as packaging and loading ratio is necessary to enhance the adoption of this MB alternative.

scholarly journals Ethyl Formate as a Methyl Bromide Alternative for Fumigation of Citrus: Efficacy, Fruit Quality, and Workplace Safety

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Goo Park ◽  
Byung-Ho Lee ◽  
Jeong-Oh Yang ◽  
Bong-Soo Kim ◽  
Gwang Hyun Roh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Ethyl Formate ◽  
Planococcus Citri ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Phytosanitary Treatment

Abstract Ethyl formate (EF) was evaluated as a potential alternative to methyl bromide (MB) for phytosanitary treatment of imported citrus fruit in the Republic of Korea. Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), a mealybug with known tolerance against EF and MB, was used as a representative pest to test efficacy of the two fumigants against eggs. In nine commercial-scale refrigerated container (67.5 m3) trials using imported orange, lemon and grapefruit, EF applied at the currently approved dose for citrus (70 g·m-3 at 5°C for 4 h, developed for Aspidiotus excisus Green (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), a species less EF tolerant than P. citri) resulted in 76.9–98.3% mortality of P. citri eggs. The EF treatment did not affect the sugar content or the color of peel and pulp of the treated fruit. When oranges were treated according to the current MB (64 g·m-3 at >5°C for 2 h) or EF treatment guidelines, the concentration of fumigant around the fruit fluctuated between 9.4 and 185.1 ppm for EF and 9.5–203.0 ppm for MB during the 72-h post-fumigation processes (venting [0–2 h], transportation to storage [2–24 h], and storage periods [24–72 h]) with both EF and MB maintained between 10 and 100 ppm during the storage period. Considering the efficacy of EF, its apparent lack of phytotoxicity, and its more manageable threshold limit value for humans (100 ppm EF compared to 1 ppm MB for an 8-h time weighted average exposure), our results suggest that EF may be a promising alternative to MB for the phytosanitary treatment of imported citrus in Korea.

FEATURES OF THE FORMATION AND DISPLAY OF TEMPORARY FEATURES IN THE IMPRESSIONS OF SEALS AND STAMPS CLICHÉS

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 318-329
Author(s):  
N. Zubova ◽  
H. Loshmanova ◽  
V. Somov
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Forensic Identification ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Temporal Features ◽  
Technology Changes ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Seal Impressions ◽  
Legal Grounds ◽  
Made In

Seals and stamps, as well as their impressions, have been the objects of forensic identification for many decades, and although there are legal grounds for refusing to use seals by economic entities at present, documents are still certified with seal impressions. Recently, a great number of documents have been received for examination to address the issues as to the time period for document production. The forensic task on establishing the time period for document production is relevant. Only in the 80-s of the last century research regarding the possibilities of determining the time period for document production by impressions made by seals (stamps) clichés, produced with the help of vulcanizing rubber using movable types or typewriter composition was initiated. Over the past forty years, cliché manufacturing processes and the materials used in this process have significantly changed. At present, clichés produced with the use of new technologies are widespread, namely: laser engraving of rubber made by using photopolymer technology or flash technology. Changes in the technology of making clichés, production of new materials have led to the emergence of features that are formed in the cliché while its using. These features are displayed in the impressions of seals and stamps clichés. The article outlines the characteristic features of seals (stamps )clichés, considers the conditions for the occurrence of features in the process of their use, shows the evolution of their change, outlines the time periods for the existence of features, defines the criteria for attributing features to identically significant temporal features of the cliché. The mentioned temporal features appearing in the cliché of seals and stamps in general (taking into account handles) and in impressions over a certain period of time, allows to determine the time period of applying the impression on a document. In this case, free samples of impressions that have been made over the time period of examination and meet certain requirements should be provided for comparative analysis. For the categorical conclusion that the impression of a seal (stamp) was made in a specific period of time, it is needed to establish a set of persistent individual features that appeared in the studied impression and its copy over a certain period of time.

New Electro-Optic and Display Technology for Visually Disabled People

2013 ◽  
pp. 687-718
Author(s):  
Ricardo Vergaz Benito ◽  
César Vega-Colado ◽  
María Begoña Coco ◽  
Rubén Cuadrado ◽  
Juan Carlos Torres-Zafra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Impairment ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Technical Aids ◽  
The World ◽  
World Information ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Visually Disabled

The aim of the chapter is to review the most recent advances in electro-optical technologies applied to visually disabled people. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the number of people in the world with some kind of visual impairment is 285 million, with 246 million of these persons in a partially sighted or Low Vision (LV) condition. The top three causes of visual impairment are uncorrected refractive errors, cataracts and glaucoma, followed by age-related macular degeneration. On the other hand, Head Mounted Displays or electro-optical materials used in liquid crystal or electrochromic devices can be used in technical aids for LV. In this chapter, the authors review how disabled people receive real world information using these new technologies, how the recently developed electro-optical technical aids can improve visual perception, and how these LV aids do work, from a technological point of view.

Comparison of the Efficacy and Phytotoxicity of Phosphine and Ethyl Formate for Controlling Pseudococcus longispinus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and Pseudococcus orchidicola on Imported Foliage Nursery Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2149-2156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yejin Kyung ◽  
Hyun Kyung Kim ◽  
Sung Woo Cho ◽  
Bong-Su Kim ◽  
Jeong-Oh Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Ethyl Formate ◽  
Sorption Rate ◽  
Pseudococcus Longispinus ◽  
High Sorption ◽  
Fumigation Chamber ◽  
Nursery Plant ◽  
Schefflera Arboricola

Abstract The fumigation activity of phosphine (PH3) and ethyl formate (EF) and their phytotoxicity to 13 imported foliage nursery plant species were evaluated. The lethal concentration and time (LCT99) values of the PH3 indicated that the susceptibility of the nymphs (3.95 and <0.45 mg·h/liter, respectively) was higher than that of the adults (5.29 and 3.66 mg·h/liter, respectively) of two mealybugs [Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti) and P. orchidicola Takahashi]. The highest concentration reduction rate of PH3 and EF on the 13 foliage nursery plants in the 12-liter desiccator was 41.5% for Heteropanax fragrans and 71.7% for Schefflera arboricola, respectively, which indicates that PH3 has a lower sorption rate than EF. The phytotoxicities of PH3-treated foliage nursery plants did not significantly differ from those of the nontreated plants, but EF caused phytotoxicity in 11 foliage nursery plants a week after treatment. When the exposure time of PH3 increased to 24 h, the adults and nymphs of both mealybug species showed 100% mortality in the 0.5 m3 fumigation chamber. In the 10 m3 fumigation container used in the field, there was 100% mortality of both mealybugs after treatment with 2 g/m3 PH3 for 24 h at 16°C. These results indicate that EF is not a suitable mealybug fumigant due to its high sorption and phytotoxicity to foliage nursery plants, despite fumigation activity against the two species. However, PH3 seems to be suitable for mealybug fumigation in foliage nursery plants and can be used as a substitute for methyl bromide.

Digital transformation and 3D printing of transtibial load-bearing prosthesis in India: recent advances, challenges and future perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 185-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soikat Ghosh Moulic ◽  
Sanjoy Singh ◽  
Riyaz Hussain ◽  
Girish Murthy ◽  
Yash Khawade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Assistive Devices ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Printing Techniques

The field of rehabilitation and assistive technology has witnessed various approaches and changes in the course of its evolution. Traditional materials like wood or heavy metals have been replaced by resins and plastics. The need to deliver assistive devices has quickly resulted in the creation of new technologies like 3D printing and digital transformation, internet of things IoT. This article addresses the development of applying digital transformation and 3D printing techniques to produce socket designs for weight bearing transtibial prosthetic system. It also focus on efficacy of the load-bearing transtibial sockets, design philosophies involved, materials used and the forthcoming challenges. This initiative involves experienced clinical prosthetists, product designers, digital modelers and additive manufacturing engineers working toward this application.

MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS OF UP-TO-DATE CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruta Miniotaite
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Ideal Point ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Optimal Solutions ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Technological Solution ◽  
Effective Technology ◽  
Preparation Phase ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Technological Modeling

At the very moment various construction and projection firms offer to use all kinds of new technologies and its systems, structural decisions, proper materials used as well as work implementation methods, without paying any attention to the factors, effecting the choice of selecting the most effective technology of construction process. Having in mind that funds should be realized rationally, it is the matter of vital importance to measure the practical adaptability of technologies being used either they are new or have been used for many years to achieve the best technological decisions. In order to achieve the efficiency of the funds invested and diminishing construction duration as well as increasing its quality, various construction process technologies are developed and improved by using modern technical and informational tools, which are integrated into the stages of projection and construction. The paper analyzes the methods of multi-criteria alternative technological solution evaluation in construction environment. Methodology, which is used, allows to complex evaluate the efficiency of construction designed decisions at the stage of preparation phase. There has been done a practical technological modeling of installation process of concrete floor as well as there have been determined optimal solutions. In order to achieve the results mentioned, a method of proximity to an ideal point was used.

scholarly journals IMPROVED MOBILE BED BIOFILM REACTORS TO TREAT CELLULOSIC WASTEWATERS

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 24-27
Author(s):  
Ioana Corina MOGA ◽  
Ovidiu IORDACHE ◽  
Gabriel PETRESCU ◽  
Elena Cornelia MITRAN ◽  
Irina Mariana SANDULACHE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Biofilm Reactors ◽  
Mobile Bed ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Root Fungi ◽  
Biofilm Carriers ◽  
Materials Used

The wastewater treatment sector is a very dynamic field, in continuous development. New technologies are developed, or the existing ones are improved [1]. An efficient biological treatment is based on solid small plastic pieces (biofilm carriers) on which different types of microorganisms attach, develop and grow. This technology is known as Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) technology [2]. The most common materials used for the biofilm carriers’ realization are based on high density polyethylene. This technology is not yet applied for the treatment of the cellulosic wastewaters, since cellulose is hard to be removed by using conventional microorganisms that are usually used in biological wastewater treatment. Some of the authors propose an improved material for carriers to be used in tertiary treatment for textile, paper-mill or tannery wastewaters [3]. The biofilm carriers are adapted for fungal activity. The selected fungal strains (White Root Fungi) capable of removing cellulose from wastewaters [4] will be immobilized on special biofilm carriers. The improved carrier is designed to be used in a MBBR and to favour fungal development in the presence of competing bacteria. Several laboratory experiments related to the fungal attachment on the improved carriers were realized and the results are presented in the paper.

A comparison of packing materials used in nasal surgery

1994 ◽  
Vol 108 (7) ◽  
pp. 564-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. N. Garth ◽  
A. P. Brightwell
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Study ◽  
Patient Comfort ◽  
Nasal Surgery ◽  
Packing Materials ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
A Prospective Study

AbstractA prospective study was performed to compare Telfa,® paraffin gauze, Merocel® and BIPP used postoperatively following septal or turbinate surgery. Packs were assessed in terms of patient comfort, control of bleeding and ease of removal. There was little to choose between the packs while they were in situ and there was no significant difference in ease of removal. On removal the Telfa® and paraffin gauze were associated with less discomfort and less bleeding than BIPP or Merocel® (p<0.05).

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