Can Good Products Drive Out Bad? A Randomized Intervention in the Antimalarial Medicine Market in Uganda

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Björkman Nyqvist ◽  
Jakob Svensson ◽  
David Yanagizawa-Drott
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Simple Model ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Antimalarial Drugs ◽  
Improve Quality ◽  
Quality Improvements ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Randomized Intervention ◽  
One Year

Abstract How can quality be improved in markets in developing countries, which are known to be plagued by substandard and counterfeit (“fake” , in short) products? We study the market for antimalarial drugs in Uganda, where we randomly assign entry of a retailer (NGO) providing a superior product - an authentic drug priced below the market - and investigate how incumbent firms and consumers respond. We find that the presence of the NGO had economically important effects. Approximately one year after the new market actor entered, the share of incumbent firms selling fake drugs dropped by more than 50% in the intervention villages, with higher quality drugs sold at significantly lower prices. Household survey evidence further shows that the quality improvements were accompanied by consumers expecting fewer fake drugs sold by drug stores. The intervention increased use of the antimalarial drugs overall. The results are consistent with a simple model where the presence of a seller committed to high quality, as opposed to an average firm, strengthens reputational incentives for competing firms to improve quality in order to not be forced out of the market, leading to ‘good driving out bad’.

Kenya in the 2000s

Give and Take ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 130-161
Author(s):  
Nitsan Chorev
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Antimalarial Drugs ◽  
Improve Quality ◽  
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers ◽  
Local Quality ◽  
To Receive

This chapter looks at the conditions that led pharmaceutical manufacturers in Kenya to invest in the production of a broader range of drugs, and to improve quality standards beyond what was required by local regulations. It begins with the contentious negotiations over Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), which resulted in donors providing to some developing countries not only markets, as they did in the 1980s, but also monitoring and mentoring. In Kenya, a new market of interest to local manufacturers, for anti-AIDS and antimalarial drugs, was created when the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria—among other donors—did not a priori exclude local manufacturers from tenders. To participate in these tenders, however, drugs manufacturers had to receive WHO prequalification (PQ) confirming that their drugs were produced following international, rather than only local, quality standards. This monitoring gave local producers an incentive to improve their manufacturing practices. In turn, development agencies offered training and other forms of mentoring—giving local producers the means to learn how to produce drugs following these higher quality standards.

scholarly journals Experience of skill labs to improve quality of newborn care at birth in three district of Uttar Pradesh, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 4750
Author(s):  
Manoja Kumar Das ◽  
Chetna Chaudhary ◽  
Santosh Kumar Kaushal ◽  
Rajesh Khanna ◽  
Surojit Chatterji
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Neonatal Resuscitation ◽  
Newborn Care ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Improve Quality ◽  
Birth Attendants ◽  
One Year ◽  
Skill Building

Background: Retention of neonatal resuscitation skill among birth attendants have been a challenge in developing countries. The objective of the study was to document the performance of skill labs and its impact on the skill and knowledge of the birth attendants in India.Methods: In three districts of Uttar Pradesh, impact assessment of twelve skill labs was done adopting mixed quantitative and qualitative methodology.Results: Twelve skill labs supported skill building of 606 birth attendants over one year. Six of the units performed well and four moderately and too units poorly. The health functionaries at all levels were positive about their experience about the skill labs. Majority of them hoped sustenance of these units. There was marked retention of resuscitation skill after one year.Conclusions: The skill labs appear to be useful modality for promoting retention of the resuscitation skills of birth attendants. 

scholarly journals Impacts of Electricity Outages in Urban Households in Developing Countries: A Case of Accra, Ghana

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3676
Author(s):  
Paul Nduhuura ◽  
Matthias Garschagen ◽  
Abdellatif Zerga
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Electricity Supply ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Family Setting

Many developing countries in Africa face a “double tragedy” when it comes to electrification. Electricity access rates are low, while those who have access to electricity face frequent outages. There are ongoing efforts aimed at increasing access to electricity on the continent. However, the need to improve the reliability of electricity supply receives limited attention. Unreliable electricity impacts users by limiting electricity utilization and the benefits that should accrue from having an electricity connection. Using data from 496 household survey questionnaires, this study examines the impacts of electricity outages in urban households in Accra, Ghana. The study applies correlation and regression analyses to identify which household characteristics are associated with or predict households reporting outage impacts. Outages were found to impact household safety/security, access to food, and access to social services and were found to cause appliance damage as well. Factors that are significantly correlated with reporting certain outage impacts include respondent’s annual income and employment status, frequency of electricity outages, and household size. Significant predictors of reporting outage impacts are socioeconomic disadvantage, high exposure to outages, and living in a large family setting. The study’s findings underscore the need for interventions to eliminate, or at least minimize, electricity supply interruptions in developing countries if sustainable social and economic development is to be achieved.

Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers Network: Doing good by making high-quality vaccines affordable for all

Vaccine ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. B176-B183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Pagliusi ◽  
Luciana C.C. Leite ◽  
Mahima Datla ◽  
Morena Makhoana ◽  
Yongzhong Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
High Quality

scholarly journals BRUCELLAR UVEITIS IN EASTERN INDIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Anindita Sen ◽  
Parthajit Banerjee ◽  
Devarati Dutta ◽  
Manas Pal ◽  
Atanu Ray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Brucella Infection ◽  
One Year

Objective: Brucellosis- one of the major zoonotic diseases, still remains an uncontrolled problem, in regions of high endemicity. Ophthalmic brucellosis is not studied and overlooked in most developing countries.  Considering the severe outcome of undiagnosed ophthalmic brucellosis, in this paper we made attempts to find out whether this disease still remains a health problem in a South East Asian developing country, where study of this disease is largely neglected.  Methods This study was carried out over a one year period from January 2015 to December 2015. Blood samples were collected from clinically confirmed cases of uveitis and they were subjected to five serological and one genus specific molecular investigations, for the detection of Brucella infection.Results Out of 20 uveitis cases, 4 (20%) cases confirmed as brucellar uveitis, by serological tests followed by PCR confirmation. After treatment of brucellosis all the four patients were recovered uneventfully.Conclusion: Brucella infection involving the eye is still a significant problem in South East Asian countries; hence in all uveitis cases in this reason brucellosis should be excluded by available laboratory tests.Government of India (Dept. of Biotechnology the major zoonotic diseases, still remains an uncontrolled problem, in regions of high endemicity. Ophthalmic brucellosis is not studied and overlooked in most developing countries.  Considering the severe outcome of undiagnosed ophthalmic brucellosis, in this paper we made attempts to find out whether this disease still remains a health problem in a South East Asian developing country, where study of this disease is largely neglected.   Methods This study was carried out over a one year period from January 2015 to December 2015. Blood samples were collected from clinically confirmed cases of uveitis and they were subjected to five serological and one genus specific molecular investigations, for the detection of Brucella infection.Results Out of 20 uveitis cases, 4 (20%) cases confirmed as brucellar uveitis, by serological tests followed by PCR confirmation. After treatment of brucellosis all the four patients were recovered uneventfully.Conclusion: Brucella infection involving the eye is still a significant problem in South East Asian countries; hence in all uveitis cases in this reason brucellosis should be excluded by available laboratory tests.

Factors Influencing Performance of ITES Firms in India

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 46-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soni Agrawal ◽  
Kishor Goswami ◽  
Bani Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Service Provider ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Offshore Outsourcing ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Improve Quality ◽  
Factors Influencing

Firms from developed countries are increasingly offshore outsourcing services to developing countries to have cost as well competitive advantages. Although this is a growing practice, there has been limited empirical attention in understanding the outsourcing phenomenon, particularly from the perspective of service provider firms that execute important business processes for their overseas clients. Despite growing trends to outsource, only a few service provider firms report success. This puts the service provider firms under increasing pressure to add value and improve quality of relationship. They have to depend not only on tangible factors but some intangible factors also play an important role in their performance. In this paper, the authors try to find out factors that influence performance of service provider firms. Multiple regressions using four indicators of firm performance are carried out to see the influence of certain factors on information technology enabled service (ITES) firms’ performance.

scholarly journals 'Necton' suIla - A preliminary agronomic evaluation

1990 ◽  
pp. 157-159
Author(s):  
Hari Krishna ◽  
Peter D. Kemp ◽  
The Late Sally D. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Forage Legume ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Late Autumn ◽  
Agronomic Evaluation ◽  
Hedysarum Coronarium ◽  
One Year

'Necton' sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.) is a perennial forage legume with potential to provide high quality, non-bloating feed. This trial examined the effect of grazing intensity and frequency on sulla over one year. Annual dry matter yields ranged from 7.4 to 18.0 t/ha. There was no difference in the yield of hard and lax-grazed plots but grazing in late autumn significantly decreased plant density and yield. Keywords 'Necton', sulla, legume, grazing management

scholarly journals PRIVATIZATION OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA: VALUATION ISSUES AND PROBLEMS

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aluko Bioye Tajudeen
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Policy Decisions ◽  
Asset Valuation ◽  
Public Enterprises ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Careful Planning ◽  
Valuation Methodology

Privatization of public enterprises is a rapidly growing phenomenon in developing countries. However, it requires a lot of policy decisions and careful planning, which depend on high‐quality accounting and valuation data. But, the major controversy which trailed the first phase of privatization programmes in Nigeria is the asset valuation methodology. This article therefore examines valuation issues and problems besetting divestiture of public enterprises in the country and offers suggestions toward improving upon the quality of asset valuation for privatization.

scholarly journals Does the inverse farm size productivity hypothesis hold for perennial monocrop systems in developing countries? Evidence from Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-252
Author(s):  
Josiah Ateka ◽  
◽  
Perez Ayieko Onono-Okelo ◽  
Martin Etyang ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Mixed Cropping ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Household Survey Data ◽  
Robust Measures

The inverse farm size and productivity relationship (IR) is a recurring theme in the literature. However, most previous studies were undertaken within a setting of mixed cropping systems. In this article, we investigate the effect of farm size on productivity within the context of a perennial monocropping system, acute competition for farmland, frequent subdivision of farms and declining yields. We apply household survey data of smallholder tea farms in western Kenya and consider both technical efficiency (TE) and the yield per hectare as indicators of productivity. The findings show that the effect of farm size on productivity is nonlinear, with TE initially declining and then rising with farm size. The findings also demonstrate that the farm size and productivity relationship is important for perennial monocrops and that the use of robust measures of productivity is important for the IR. The findings have important implications for agricultural policy in developing countries.

scholarly journals Domestic water improvement behaviour: the probability determinants and policy implications

Water Policy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Amoah ◽  
Rexford Kweku Asiama ◽  
Kofi Korle ◽  
Edmund Kwablah
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Environmental Knowledge ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Knowledge Age ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Key Drivers

Abstract Although water is important for human livelihoods, access and use of improved domestic water for households in most developing countries is still a major problem. Households adopt several domestic water improvement mechanisms to improve the quality of their water before consumption. However, the drivers of the probability to engage in this behaviour have not been adequately explored in developing countries. Therefore, this study investigates the factors that determine the probability of choosing to improve domestic water quality before consumption, with data from a household survey implemented in Ghana. Using the Logit econometric model with its associated margins, this study shows evidence that environmental knowledge, age, gender and wealth are key drivers of the probability of engaging in a water improvement behaviour. Based on the identified drivers, practical lessons are discussed to inform policy decisions on quality water supply.

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