scholarly journals Oral and Topical Insecticide Response Bioassays and Associated Statistical Analyses Used Commonly in Veterinary and Medical Entomology

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin R Burgess ◽  
Bethia H King ◽  
Christopher J Geden
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Resistant Strain ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Susceptible Strain ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Medical Entomology ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fly Control

Abstract Veterinary and medical entomologists who are involved in research on pest control often need to perform dose–response bioassays and analyze the results. This article is meant as a beginner’s guide for doing this and includes instructions for using the free program R for the analyses. The bioassays and analyses are described using previously unpublished data from bioassays on house flies, Musca domestica Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae), but can be used on a wide range of pest species. Flies were exposed topically to beta-cyfluthrin, a pyrethroid, or exposed to spinosad or spinetoram in sugar to encourage consumption. LD50 values for beta-cyfluthrin in a susceptible strain were similar regardless of whether mortality was assessed at 24 or 48 h, consistent with it being a relatively quick-acting insecticide. Based on LC50 values, spinetoram was about twice as toxic as spinosad in a susceptible strain, suggesting a benefit to formulating spinetoram for house fly control, although spinetoram was no more toxic than spinosad for a pyrethroid-resistant strain. Results were consistent with previous reports of spinosad exhibiting little cross-resistance. For both spinosad and spinetoram, LC50 values were not greatly different between the pyrethroid-resistant strain and the susceptible strain.

Cellular basis for genetically determined enhanced resistance of certain mouse strains to listeriosis

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-386
Author(s):  
C Sadarangani ◽  
E Skamene ◽  
P A Kongshavn
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Resistant Strain ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Dextran Sulfate ◽  
Cellular Mechanism ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocytes ◽  
Susceptible Strain ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Genetically Determined

The characteristics of the mononuclear phagocytes mediating resistance to infection with Listeria during the early phase (0 to 48 h) of the response have been investigated in genetically determined susceptible (A/J) and resistant (C57BL/6, B10.A/SgSn) strains of mice. Irradiation immediately before infection profoundly enhanced the bacterial growth in the resistant strain, while having no effect in the susceptible strain, over a wide range (3 x 10(3) to 10(5)) of infective doses. This effect of irradiation is demonstrable at low-dose radiation (200 roentgens) and can be reversed by repopulation with 20 x 10(6) syngeneic nucleated bone marrow cells. Administration of dextran sulfate 500 24 h before infection profoundly enhanced the bacterial growth in the susceptible strain, while having much less effect in the resistant strain. Thus, the genetic advantage of the resistant mouse strains to listerial infection, at least during the early phase of the response, appears to be due to a cellular mechanism that is highly radiosensitive and relatively insensitive to dextran sulfate 500. In the susceptible strain, the early protective cellular mechanism is radioresistant and highly dextran sulfate 500 sensitive.

Behavioral Inhibition of the House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) When Exposed to Commercial Equine Fly Repellents

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth V Tuorinsky ◽  
Erika T Machtinger
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Behavioral Inhibition ◽  
Control Method ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroids ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Fly Control ◽  
Horse Owners ◽  
Better Than

Abstract House flies can have negative consequences on the welfare of horses and other equids. Fly repellents in the form of on-animal sprays, wipes, or spot-ons are the most commonly used fly control method for horses. Many products are available, but repellent efficacy and duration of effectiveness may influence repellent choice by horse owners. A better understanding of the efficacy of common fly repellent products will help guide repellent selection to reduce fly pressure on horses. To evaluate commercially available repellents, house fly behavioral inhibition after application of three products marketed as natural (Ecovet, Equiderma, and Outsmart) and four with synthetic pyrethroids as active ingredients (Bronco, Endure, UltraShield, and Optiforce) was compared at 100, 50, and 25% concentration and at 15, 30, 60, 240, 1,440, and 2,880 min. Time and product were significant at all tested concentrations. The natural products performed as well as or better than the synthetic products at all dilutions and times. Ecovet in particular retained over 75% inhibition of flies for >1 d at the 100 and 50% concentrations. Differences were seen among products with pyrethroids, suggesting that formulation differences significantly affect efficacy. Cost and application suggestions are discussed, and these results will aid horse owners in selecting fly repellents to meet their individual needs.

scholarly journals The role of detoxifying enzymes in the resistance of the cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) to thiamethoxam

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Saleh Abdallah ◽  
Hala Mohamed Abou-Yousef ◽  
Eman Atef Fouad ◽  
Mohammed Abd El-Hady Kandil
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Strain ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Aphis Craccivora ◽  
Susceptible Strain ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Detoxifying Enzymes ◽  
Cowpea Aphid ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch

Abstract The cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) is considered a serious insect pest attacking several crops. We carried out biochemical studies to elucidate the role of the metabolising enzymes in conferring resistance to thiamethoxam, in two strains (resistant and susceptible) of the cowpea aphid. Bioassay experiments showed that the thiamethoxam selected strain developed a 48 fold resistance after consecutive selection with thiamethoxam for 12 generations. This resistant strain also exhibited cross-resistance to the tested carbamates; pirimicarb and carbosulfan, organophosphorus (malathion, fenitrothion, and chlorpyrifos-methyl), and the neonicotinoid (acetamiprid). Synergism studies have indicated that S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF), a known inhibitor for esterases, increased thiamethoxam toxicity 5.58 times in the resistant strain compared with the susceptible strain. Moreover, the biochemical determination revealed that carboxylestersae activity was 30 times greater in the resistant strain than in the susceptible strain. In addition, the enzyme activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and mixed function oxidases (mfo) increased only in the resistant strain 3.7 and 2.7 times, respectively, in relation to the susceptible (the control). Generally, our results suggest that the higher activity of the detoxifying enzymes, particularly carboxylesterase, in the resistant strain of the cowpea aphid, apparently have a significant role in endowing resistance to thiamethoxam, although additional mechanisms may contribute.

Bioassay and histochemical studies of the poisoning and recovery of house-flies (Musca domestica L.) treated with diazinon and diazoxon

1966 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Farnham ◽  
G. E. Gregory ◽  
R. M. Sawicki
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Resistant Strain ◽  
Cholinesterase Activity ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Thoracic Ganglion ◽  
Susceptible Strain ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Histochemical Tests

Newly emerged and 3-day-old house-flies (Musca domestica L.) of a diazinin-susceptible and a diazinon-resistant strain were treated topically with diazinon or diazoxon and examined for symptoms of poisoning and recovery at intervals up to 5 hours and at 24 hours after treatment. The effects of the poisons varied with the age and strain of the flies and with the poison used. Most of the flies that became paralysed died, but some recovered, even after appearing to be dead. Of flies treated when newly emerged, more of the resistant than of the susceptible strain recovered from paralysis, and more recovered from diazoxon than from diazinon treatment. Recoveries were fewer amongst flies treated when three days old and occurred in appreciable numbers only amongst those of the resistant strain treated with diazoxon.Histochemical tests on flies, treated with diazoxon showed a close correlation between inhibition of cholinesterase activity in the thoracic ganglion and the external symptoms of poisoning. Inhibition was slight in apparently unaffected flies, more extensive in severely affected flies, and total or nearly so in completely paralysed flies. Inhibition first appeared at the periphery of the ganglion and spread inwards to the centre. Flies that recovered from paralysis had normal or almost normal cholinesterase activity, partially recovered flies showed activity only in the central parts of the ganglion. Recovery of cholinesterase activity seems to occur from the centre of the ganglion outwards.

A Study of the Environmental Factors Affecting the Dispersion of House Flies (Musca domestica L.) in a Dairy Community near Fort Whyte, Manitoba

1956 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 270-272
Author(s):  
William Hanec
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Fly Control

House fly control as practiced at present requires a combination of thorough sanitation supplemented with the use of insecticides. Farms vary considerably in the standard of sanitation maintained. The question arises whether a farmer who conscientiously applies house fly control measures on his premises will find his efforts frustrated by invasions of house flies breeding on less sanitary farm-steads in the neighborhood. To answer this question it is necessary to understand the factors that affect house fly dispersal. These include wind direction, intensity of mind-borne odors and possibly variation in the tendency of flies to migrate. Some of these questions were answered in investigations during the summer of 3951, by releasing and recovering radioactive house flies in a dairy community near Fort Whyte, Manitoba.

scholarly journals RNAi in Insects: A Revolution in Fundamental Research and Pest Control Applications

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Christiaens ◽  
Jinzhi Niu ◽  
Clauvis Nji Tizi Taning
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Control Mode ◽  
Rnai Pathway ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Entomological Research

In this editorial for the Special Issue on ‘RNAi in insect pest control’, three important applications of RNA interference (RNAi) in insects are briefly discussed and linked to the different studies published in this Special Issue. The discovery of the RNAi mechanism revolutionized entomological research, as it presented researchers with a tool to knock down genes, which is easily applicable in a wide range of insect species. Furthermore, RNAi also provides crop protection with a novel and promising pest control mode-of-action. The sequence-dependent nature allows RNAi-based control strategies to be highly species selective and the active molecule, a natural biological molecule known as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), has a short environmental persistence. However, more research is needed to investigate different cellular and physiological barriers, such as cellular uptake and dsRNA degradation in the digestive system in insects, in order to provide efficient control methods against a wide range of insect pest species. Finally, the RNAi pathway is an important part of the innate antiviral immune defence of insects, and could even lead to applications targeting viruses in beneficial insects such as honeybees in the future.

scholarly journals First Evaluation of Field Evolved Resistance to Commonly Used Insecticides in House Fly Populations from Saudi Arabian Dairy Farms

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1120
Author(s):  
Abdulwahab M. Hafez
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Susceptible Strain ◽  
Integrated Vector Management ◽  
Strain Resistance ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Vector Management ◽  
Moderate Resistance ◽  
Fly Control

The house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), is one of the major vectors of several pathogens that affect humans and animals. We evaluated the toxicity of eight insecticides commonly used for house fly control using five field populations collected from dairies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Among the five tested pyrethroids, non to moderate resistance was found in adults of both sexes compared to a susceptible strain. Resistance ratios ranged from 0.5- to 7-fold for alpha-cypermethrin, 2- to 21-fold for deltamethrin, 4- to 19-fold for bifenthrin, 1- to 9-fold for cyfluthrin, and 1- to 8-fold for cypermethrin. Among the three tested organophosphates, low to moderate resistance was found among adult flies compared to the susceptible strain, and the resistance ratios ranged from 4- to 27-fold for fenitrothion, 2- to 14-fold for chlorpyrifos, and 3- to 12-fold for malathion. The median lethal times for the tested insecticides were 3–33 h for alpha-cypermethrin, 3–24 h for deltamethrin, 5–59 h for bifenthrin, 1–7 h for cypermethrin, 0.3–7 h for cyfluthrin, 6–36 h for fenitrothion, 2–21 h for chlorpyrifos, and 3–34 h for malathion. This study presents baseline data pertaining to registered public health insecticides, and the results will assist future studies monitoring insecticide resistance, and the planning of effective integrated vector management programs.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Different Monitoring Methods for Musca domestica L. 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) Indoor Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 103-112
Author(s):  
Mihaela Kavran ◽  
Dušan Petrić ◽  
Aleksandra Ignjatović-Ćupina ◽  
Marija Zgomba
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Visual Method ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Animal Farms ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Clear Differentiation ◽  
Fly Control

Summary The housefly Musca domestica is a cosmopolitan insect nuisance pest, also known as a carrier of numerous pathogens both to humans and animals. Animal farms, as a very important source of house flies, simultaneously allow for all stages of their development. Having vast quantities of constantly present manure, pig units represent perfect environment for house fly breeding. This fact, coupled with the known resistance to majority of available insecticides, creates difficulties in house fly control. The present study was performed to evaluate different types of monitoring methods for indoor use: (a) spot deposit records on the cardboard; (b) fly trappings by: glue coated cardboard; (c) sticky fly strips; (d) yellow sticky cards; (e) visual records of flies on the cardboard. This study provided a clear differentiation of efficacy/usefulness of the tested methods for various house fly densities. In animal breeding units or other areas with very abundant fly population, less sensitive methods (traps are less efficient) should be selected. For these circumstances, glued cardboard or yellow sticky cards should be chosen. The “more sensitive” methods, spot cards and sticky fly strips, should be used for lower abundance of the fly population. Except for this purpose, these highly sensitive methods should be selected also in the areas where the flies should not be tolerated at any density. Although the levels of the observed fly activity significantly differ from each other, in the majority of cases they depict the similar trend of the population dynamics and relative density. The only exception to the rule was the visual method, which could not reflect the changes in the population density in the current study.

Patterns of cross resistance to organophosphates and carbamates in Musca domestica

1968 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Oxidation Mechanism ◽  
Susceptible Strain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Low Levels

Seven strains Musca domestica L., including one susceptible strain, were tested with a wide range of organophosphates and carbamates. The results of these tests gave a broader picture of the patterns of cross resistance in strains that had been studied by previous workers and in addition showed two new types of resistance machanism, one possibly and oxidation mechanism, and the other possibly a modified AliE giving low levels of resistance to organophosphates and carbamates. This work also demonstrated the existence of at least three resistance machanisms for carbamates, two probably oxidative and the others minor machanisms associated with modified AliE.

Control of pest mammals for biodiversity protection in Australia. I. Patterns of control and monitoring

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Reddiex ◽  
David M. Forsyth ◽  
Eve McDonald-Madden ◽  
Luke D. Einoder ◽  
Peter A. Griffioen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Feral Cats ◽  
Feral Pigs ◽  
Biodiversity Protection ◽  
Control Actions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Animal Control ◽  
Wild Dogs

Foxes, wild dogs, feral cats, rabbits, feral pigs and feral goats are believed to have deleterious impacts on native biodiversity in Australia. However, although considerable resources have been expended controlling these six species, little is known about national patterns and costs of control and monitoring. We therefore conducted a survey of pest-control operations undertaken by conservation-focused organisations in Australia. A total of 1306 control operations were reported, with most conducted during 1998–2003: there was little information prior to 1990. Foxes and rabbits were the most, and feral cats the least, frequently controlled pest species. The total area on which control was undertaken in 2003, the year for which most information was available, ranged from ~0.4 × 104 km2 for feral cats to ~10.7 × 104 km2 for foxes. A wide range of techniques and intensities were used to control each of the six species. The estimated cost of labour expended on control in 2003 ranged from $0.4 × 106 for feral cats to $5.3 × 106 for foxes. Monitoring of the pest or biodiversity occurred in 50–56% of control actions in which foxes, wild dogs and feral cats were targeted, but only 22–26% of control actions in which rabbits, feral pigs and feral goats were targeted. Our results are discussed in relation to previous studies of pest animal control and monitoring in Australia.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document