scholarly journals First Evaluation of Field Evolved Resistance to Commonly Used Insecticides in House Fly Populations from Saudi Arabian Dairy Farms

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1120
Author(s):  
Abdulwahab M. Hafez
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Susceptible Strain ◽  
Integrated Vector Management ◽  
Strain Resistance ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Vector Management ◽  
Moderate Resistance ◽  
Fly Control

The house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), is one of the major vectors of several pathogens that affect humans and animals. We evaluated the toxicity of eight insecticides commonly used for house fly control using five field populations collected from dairies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Among the five tested pyrethroids, non to moderate resistance was found in adults of both sexes compared to a susceptible strain. Resistance ratios ranged from 0.5- to 7-fold for alpha-cypermethrin, 2- to 21-fold for deltamethrin, 4- to 19-fold for bifenthrin, 1- to 9-fold for cyfluthrin, and 1- to 8-fold for cypermethrin. Among the three tested organophosphates, low to moderate resistance was found among adult flies compared to the susceptible strain, and the resistance ratios ranged from 4- to 27-fold for fenitrothion, 2- to 14-fold for chlorpyrifos, and 3- to 12-fold for malathion. The median lethal times for the tested insecticides were 3–33 h for alpha-cypermethrin, 3–24 h for deltamethrin, 5–59 h for bifenthrin, 1–7 h for cypermethrin, 0.3–7 h for cyfluthrin, 6–36 h for fenitrothion, 2–21 h for chlorpyrifos, and 3–34 h for malathion. This study presents baseline data pertaining to registered public health insecticides, and the results will assist future studies monitoring insecticide resistance, and the planning of effective integrated vector management programs.

Filth fly parasitoids on dairy farms in Ontario and Quebec, Canada

2004 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A.P. Gibson ◽  
K.D. Floate
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
New Host ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Fly Control ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
New Host Records

AbstractHymenopterous parasitoids of filth flies (Diptera: Muscidae) were surveyed during 2 years on dairy farms in Ontario and Quebec near Ottawa, Ontario, using freeze-killed sentinel house fly (Musca domestica L.) pupae and naturally occurring fly pupae collected on site. Musca domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (stable fly) represented 98.3% of the natural fly hosts from which parasitoids emerged. Muscidifurax raptor Girault et Saunders, Nasonia vitripennis Walker, Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani), Spalangia cameroni Perkins, S. nigra Latreille, Trichomalopsis viridescens (Walsh), and Urolepis rufipes (Ashmead) (Pteromalidae) were recovered from both sentinel and natural fly pupae. Another eight species, S. drosophilae Ashmead, S. endius Walker, S. haematobiae Ashmead, S. nigroaenea Curtis, S. subpunctata Förster, Trichomalopsis dubia (Ashmead) (Pteromalidae), Aphaereta pallipes (Say) (Braconidae), and Phygadeuon ?fumator Gravenhörst (Ichneumonidae), were recovered only from natural pupae. Over the 2 years, M. raptor comprised 90.7% of emerged parasitoids from sentinel pupae but only 17.0% of emerged parasitoids from natural pupae. From natural pupae, S. cameroni, S. nigra, and S. nigroaenea collectively comprised 60.3% of emerged parasitoids; P. ?fumator comprised 13.5% and the remaining nine species 9.2%. The recoveries of S. endius and S. nigroaenea represent new distribution records for Canada, and several new host records are identified based on structure of the host fly puparium. The parasitoid fauna is compared with that known for western Canada, and recommendations are made for both regions concerning potential natural enemy enhancement for filth fly control.

scholarly journals First Comprehensive Report of Conventional Insecticide Resistance Status of the Mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) in Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulwahab M. Hafez
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Integrated Vector Management ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Low Resistance ◽  
Vector Management ◽  
Pirimiphos Methyl ◽  
Moderate Resistance

Abstract Background The mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say is a vector of various fatal diseases including West Nile fever, filariasis, and Japanese encephalitis. The major approach in controlling Cx. quinquefasciatus to prevent associated disease transmission has focused on insecticides. However, because of overreliance on such measures, Cx. quinquefasciatus has developed resistance to these insecticides including organophosphates and pyrethroids. Methods We evaluated 10 commonly used conventional insecticides (five OPs and five pyrethroids) for toxicity/resistance in Cx. quinquefasciatus in adults and larvae in eight populations collected from the environs around Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Results The LC50 values for the tested insecticides in adults did not differ significantly from those of a susceptible strain, except for bifenthrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, and fenitrothion against populations from Al-Nakhil, Al-Suwaidi, Al-Ghanemiya, Al-Masfa, and Al-Masanie regions. All Cx. quinquefasciatus adult populations exhibited susceptibility/low resistance to the tested organophosphates with resistance ratios of 0.23–0.80 for chlorpyrifos, 0.44–1.97 for malathion, 0.09–3.62 for fenitrothion, 0.05–2.10 for pirimiphos-methyl, and 0.11–0.93 for diazinon. The Cx. quinquefasciatus adult populations exhibited susceptibility/moderate resistance to the tested pyrethroids with resistance ratios of 0.59–2.56 for alpha-cypermethrin, 0.59–2.19 for bifenthrin, 0.60–7.07 for deltamethrin, 0.60–2.66 for cypermethrin, and 0.58–2.39 for cyfluthrin. In Cx. quinquefasciatus larva populations, susceptibility/low resistance to the tested organophosphates was observed with resistance ratios of 0.03–1.75 for chlorpyrifos, 0.19–3.42 for malathion, 0.11–2.78 for fenitrothion, and 0.08–1.15 for pirimiphos-methyl. Conclusions The susceptibility/low resistance of Cx. quinquefasciatus adults to OP and pyrethroid insecticides suggests that they still have good potency against the adults of this species in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. These results provide a baseline for decision-making in integrated vector management programs for Cx. quinquefasciatus.

scholarly journals Oral and Topical Insecticide Response Bioassays and Associated Statistical Analyses Used Commonly in Veterinary and Medical Entomology

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin R Burgess ◽  
Bethia H King ◽  
Christopher J Geden
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Resistant Strain ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Susceptible Strain ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Medical Entomology ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fly Control

Abstract Veterinary and medical entomologists who are involved in research on pest control often need to perform dose–response bioassays and analyze the results. This article is meant as a beginner’s guide for doing this and includes instructions for using the free program R for the analyses. The bioassays and analyses are described using previously unpublished data from bioassays on house flies, Musca domestica Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae), but can be used on a wide range of pest species. Flies were exposed topically to beta-cyfluthrin, a pyrethroid, or exposed to spinosad or spinetoram in sugar to encourage consumption. LD50 values for beta-cyfluthrin in a susceptible strain were similar regardless of whether mortality was assessed at 24 or 48 h, consistent with it being a relatively quick-acting insecticide. Based on LC50 values, spinetoram was about twice as toxic as spinosad in a susceptible strain, suggesting a benefit to formulating spinetoram for house fly control, although spinetoram was no more toxic than spinosad for a pyrethroid-resistant strain. Results were consistent with previous reports of spinosad exhibiting little cross-resistance. For both spinosad and spinetoram, LC50 values were not greatly different between the pyrethroid-resistant strain and the susceptible strain.

House Fly Control in Climate-Controlled Caged-Hen Layer Houses1

1973 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 927-933 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Matthysse ◽  
David McClain
Keyword(s):  
House Fly ◽  
Fly Control

scholarly journals Residual Pesticide On Hesco® Blast Protection Wall In Temperate Florida Habitat Effective Against Mosquitoes, Stable Flies, and Sand Flies

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth C. Britch ◽  
Kenneth J. Linthicum ◽  
Robert L. Aldridge ◽  
Todd W. Walker ◽  
Mattie J. E. Rush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Department Of Defense ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Integrated Vector Management ◽  
United States Military ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Blast Protection ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Vector Management ◽  
The Us ◽  
Residual Pesticide

ABSTRACT United States military troops in the field are exposed to the environment and are thus at high risk for transmission of arboviruses, and degradation of mission from continual harassment from insects. Passive vector control, such as application of residual insecticides to US military materials common in the field such as tents and camouflage netting, has been shown to be effective and can contribute to a successful integrated vector management (IVM) plan in the field to reduce this risk. However, other common US military field materials have not been evaluated with residual pesticides. In this study we conducted the first known investigation of the efficacy and longevity of a residual pesticide containing λ-cyhalothrin applied to HESCO® blast protection wall geotextile. We exposed treated material to a temperate Florida environment and found that this treatment can be effective against sand flies, filth-breeding flies, and mosquitoes for at least 6 wk. This study provides evidence that residual treatment of this US military material may be leveraged as an IVM component to enhance the US Department of Defense pest management system.

scholarly journals A Field Efficacy Evaluation of In2Care Mosquito Traps in Comparison with Routine Integrated Vector Management at Reducing Aedes aegypti

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 242-249
Author(s):  
Eva A. Buckner ◽  
Katie F. Williams ◽  
Samantha Ramirez ◽  
Constance Darrisaw ◽  
Juliana M. Carrillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Integrated Vector Management ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Vector Management ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

ABSTRACT Aedes aegypti is the predominant vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. This mosquito is difficult to control with conventional methods due to its container-inhabiting behavior and resistance to insecticides. Autodissemination of pyriproxyfen (PPF), a potent larvicide, has shown promise as an additional tool to control Aedes species in small-scale field trials. However, few large-scale field evaluations have been conducted. We undertook a 6-month-long large-scale field study to compare the effectiveness and operational feasibility of using In2Care Mosquito Traps (In2Care Traps, commercially available Aedes traps with PPF and Beauveria bassiana) compared to an integrated vector management (IVM) strategy consisting of source reduction, larviciding, and adulticiding for controlling Ae. aegypti eggs, larvae, and adults. We found that while the difference between treatments was only statistically significant for eggs and larvae (P < 0.05 for eggs and larvae and P > 0.05 for adults), the use of In2Care Traps alone resulted in 60%, 57%, and 57% fewer eggs, larvae, and adults, respectively, collected from that site compared to the IVM site. However, In2Care Trap deployment and maintenance were more time consuming and labor intensive than the IVM strategy. Thus, using In2Care Traps alone as a control method for large areas (e.g., >20 ha) may be less practical for control programs with the capacity to conduct ground and aerial larviciding and adulticiding. Based on our study results, we conclude that In2Care Traps are effective at suppressing Ae. aegypti and have the most potential for use in areas without sophisticated control programs and within IVM programs to target hotspots with high population levels and/or risk of Aedes-borne pathogen transmission.

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