Seasonal Prevalence and Transmission of Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus of House Flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

Abstract The Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) substantially enlarges the house fly’s salivary glands and prevents or delays ovarian development in its adult host, but the effect that MdSGHV has on the house fly’s food consumption is currently unknown. Using house flies from a laboratory-reared colony, we evaluated the effect of MdSGHV infection on food consumption over a 7-d period. Both treatment (virus-infected) and control (saline-injected) flies were provided with a choice of 8% sucrose solution and 4% powdered milk solution to determine food preferences. Quantities of each solution consumed were measured every 24 h for each fly to measure food consumptions. Infected house flies were shown to consume less overall of both solutions than house flies injected with saline. The largest consumption discrepancy was seen between female house flies. Healthy female flies with developing ovaries continued to consume a sugar and protein diet, whereas infected female flies fed predominantly on a sugar diet. Additionally, infected male and female flies consumed significantly lower quantities of protein and sucrose than control flies. This suggests that MdSGHV has a negative consumption effect (e.g., hunger, starvation) on its host. Thus, differences in food consumption of infected and control flies probably represent differences in the nutritional requirements of flies resulting from viral infection.

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Tsetse Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus: Hope or Hindrance for Tsetse Control?

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽

10.1371/journal.pntd.0001220 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 5 (8) ◽

pp. e1220 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Adly M. M. Abd-Alla ◽

Andrew G. Parker ◽

Marc J. B. Vreysen ◽

Max Bergoin

Keyword(s):

Salivary Gland ◽

Tsetse Control ◽

Salivary Gland Hypertrophy ◽

Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus

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Prevalence of trypanosomes, salivary gland hypertrophy virus and Wolbachia in wild populations of tsetse flies from West Africa

BMC Microbiology ◽

10.1186/s12866-018-1287-4 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (S1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Gisele M. S. Ouedraogo ◽

Güler Demirbas-Uzel ◽

Jean-Baptiste Rayaisse ◽

Geoffrey Gimonneau ◽

Astan C. Traore ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salivary Gland ◽

West Africa ◽

Tsetse Flies ◽

Wild Populations ◽

Salivary Gland Hypertrophy ◽

Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus

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Correlation between structure, protein composition, morphogenesis and cytopathology of Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/vir.0.047423-0 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 94 (1) ◽

pp. 193-208 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Henry M. Kariithi ◽

Jan W. M. van Lent ◽

Sjef Boeren ◽

Adly M. M. Abd-Alla ◽

İkbal Agah İnce ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salivary Gland ◽

Plasma Membranes ◽

Protein Composition ◽

Glossina Pallidipes ◽

Proteinase K ◽

Protein Coding ◽

Host Interactions ◽

Tegument Proteins ◽

Salivary Gland Hypertrophy ◽

Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus

The Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus (GpSGHV) is a dsDNA virus with rod-shaped, enveloped virions. Its 190 kb genome contains 160 putative protein-coding ORFs. Here, the structural components, protein composition and associated aspects of GpSGHV morphogenesis and cytopathology were investigated. Four morphologically distinct structures: the nucleocapsid, tegument, envelope and helical surface projections, were observed in purified GpSGHV virions by electron microscopy. Nucleocapsids were present in virogenic stroma within the nuclei of infected salivary gland cells, whereas enveloped virions were located in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm of infected cells appeared disordered and the plasma membranes disintegrated. Treatment of virions with 1 % NP-40 efficiently partitioned the virions into envelope and nucleocapsid fractions. The fractions were separated by SDS-PAGE followed by in-gel trypsin digestion and analysis of the tryptic peptides by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray and tandem mass spectrometry. Using the MaxQuant program with Andromeda as a database search engine, a total of 45 viral proteins were identified. Of these, ten and 15 were associated with the envelope and the nucleocapsid fractions, respectively, whilst 20 were detected in both fractions, most likely representing tegument proteins. In addition, 51 host-derived proteins were identified in the proteome of the virus particle, 13 of which were verified to be incorporated into the mature virion using a proteinase K protection assay. This study provides important information about GpSGHV biology and suggests options for the development of future anti-GpSGHV strategies by interfering with virus–host interactions.

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Genome Analysis of a Glossina pallidipes Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus Reveals a Novel, Large, Double-Stranded Circular DNA Virus

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.02588-07 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 82 (9) ◽

pp. 4595-4611 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

Adly M. M. Abd-Alla ◽

François Cousserans ◽

Andrew G. Parker ◽

Johannes A. Jehle ◽

Nicolas J. Parker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salivary Gland ◽

Glossina Pallidipes ◽

Open Reading Frames ◽

Tsetse Flies ◽

Sequence Comparisons ◽

Dna Viruses ◽

Circular Dna ◽

Double Stranded Dna ◽

Salivary Gland Hypertrophy ◽

Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus

ABSTRACT Several species of tsetse flies can be infected by the Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus (GpSGHV). Infection causes salivary gland hypertrophy and also significantly reduces the fecundity of the infected flies. To better understand the molecular basis underlying the pathogenesis of this unusual virus, we sequenced and analyzed its genome. The GpSGHV genome is a double-stranded circular DNA molecule of 190,032 bp containing 160 nonoverlapping open reading frames (ORFs), which are distributed equally on both strands with a gene density of one per 1.2 kb. It has a high A+T content of 72%. About 3% of the GpSGHV genome is composed of 15 sequence repeats, distributed throughout the genome. Although sharing the same morphological features (enveloped rod-shaped nucleocapsid) as baculoviruses, nudiviruses, and nimaviruses, analysis of its genome revealed that GpSGHV differs significantly from these viruses at the level of its genes. Sequence comparisons indicated that only 23% of GpSGHV genes displayed moderate homologies to genes from other invertebrate viruses, principally baculoviruses and entomopoxviruses. Most strikingly, the GpSGHV genome encodes homologues to the four baculoviral per os infectivity factors (p74 [pif-0], pif-1, pif-2, and pif-3). The DNA polymerase encoded by GpSGHV is of type B and appears to be phylogenetically distant from all DNA polymerases encoded by large double-stranded DNA viruses. The majority of the remaining ORFs could not be assigned by sequence comparison. Furthermore, no homologues to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase subunits were detected. Taken together, these data indicate that GpSGHV is the prototype member of a novel group of insect viruses.

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