Effects of latitudinal variation on field and common garden comparisons between native and introduced groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) populations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bi-Ru Zhu ◽  
Xiao-Meng Li ◽  
Da-Yong Zhang ◽  
Wan-Jin Liao
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Senecio Vulgaris ◽  
Chinese Populations ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Latitudinal Clines ◽  
European Populations ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Aims Field and common garden comparisons are commonly performed to test the rapid evolution of increased vigor in introduced plant populations. Latitudinal clines in phenotypic traits can obscure such evolutionary inferences, particularly when native or introduced populations are distributed across large geographic ranges. We tested whether the latitudinal clines influence comparisons between introduced and native populations of Senecio vulgaris. Methods Senecio vulgaris is native to Europe but has been introduced in northeastern and southwestern China. To evaluate the performance in terms of growth and reproduction between native European populations and introduced Chinese populations, we compared plant height, number of branches and number of capitula in field populations in native and introduced ranges and in a common garden in Switzerland. Important Findings The introduced Chinese populations performed better than the native European populations in the field in terms of plant height and number of capitula, which was consistent with the prediction of the evolution of the increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis. The Chinese populations produced more capitula than the European populations when the latitudinal cline was considered in the common garden comparison. When we compared the traits of the northeastern Chinese, southwestern Chinese and European populations in both the field and common garden, the northeastern Chinese populations, at latitudes similar to those of the European populations, exhibited greater plant size and more capitula than the European populations in both the field and common garden. However, the southwestern Chinese populations, at latitudes much lower than those of the European populations, did not perform better than the native populations in terms of reproduction. In conclusion, our results suggest that latitudinal clines in phenotypic traits should be considered in field and common garden comparisons when introduced populations are geographically structured.

scholarly journals Effects of latitudinal variation on field and common garden comparisons between native and introduced groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) populations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bi-Ru Zhu ◽  
Xiao-Meng Li ◽  
Da-Yong Zhang ◽  
Wan-Jin Liao
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Senecio Vulgaris ◽  
Chinese Populations ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Latitudinal Clines ◽  
European Populations

Abstract Background: Field and common garden comparisons are commonly performed to test the rapid evolution of increased vigor in introduced plant populations. Latitudinal clines in phenotypic traits can obscure such evolutionary inferences, particularly when native or introduced populations are distributed across large geographic ranges. We tested whether the latitudinal clines influence the comparisons between introduced and native populations of Senecio vulgaris. We compared plant height, number of branches and number of capitula in the field in Europe and China, and in a common garden in Switzerland.Results: The Chinese introduced populations performed better than the European native populations in the field in terms of plant height and number of capitula, which was consistent with the prediction of the evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis. The Chinese populations exhibited more capitula than the European populations when the latitudinal cline was considered in the common garden comparison. When we compared the traits of the northeast Chinese, southwest Chinese and European populations in both the field and common garden, the northeast Chinese populations, at latitudes similar to those of the European populations, exhibited greater plant size and more capitula than the European populations in both the field and common garden. However, the southwest Chinese populations, at latitudes that are much lower than those of the European populations, did not perform better in terms of reproduction than the native populations.Conclusion: Latitudinal clines in phenotypic traits should be considered in field and common garden comparisons when introduced populations are geographically structured.

scholarly journals An experimentally introduced population of Brassica rapa (Brassicaceae). 2. Rapid evolution of phenotypic traits

2018 ◽  
Vol 151 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Sekor ◽  
Steven J. Franks
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Phenotypic Selection ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Multiple Traits ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Evolutionary Changes

Background and aims – Introduced populations can potentially experience strong selection and rapid evolution. While some retrospective studies have shown rapid evolution in introduced populations in the past, few have directly tested for and characterized evolution as it occurs. Here we use an experimental introduction to directly observe and quantify evolution of multiple traits in a plant population introduced to a novel environment. Methods – We experimentally introduced seeds of the annual plant Brassica rapa L. (Brassicaceae) from a location in southern California into multiple replicated plots in New York. We allowed the populations to naturally evolve for 3 years. Following the resurrection approach, we compared ancestors and descendants planted in common garden conditions in New York in multiple phenotypic traits. Key results – Within only three generations, there was significant evolution of several morphological, phenological, and fitness traits, as well as substantial variation among traits. Despite selection for larger size during the three years following introduction, there was evolution of smaller size, earlier flowering time, and shorter duration of flowering. Although there were rapid evolutionary changes in traits, descendants did not have greater fitness than ancestors in New York, indicating a lack of evidence for adaptive evolution, at least over the timeframe of the study. Conclusions – This study found rapid evolution of several morphological and phenological traits, including smaller plant size and shorter time to flowering, following introduction, confirming that evolution can rapidly occur during the early stages of colonization. Many traits evolved in the opposite direction predicted from phenotypic selection analysis, which suggests that the resurrection approach can reveal unanticipated evolutionary changes and can be very useful for studying contemporary evolution.

Variation in sexual and clonal reproduction among introduced populations of flowering rush, Butomus umbellatus (Butomaceae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher G Eckert ◽  
Blandine Massonnet ◽  
Julia J Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Plant ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Clonal Reproduction ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Self Compatibility ◽  
Eastern Ontario ◽  
Filled Seeds ◽  
European Populations

Butomus umbellatus L. is an invasive emergent aquatic plant that exhibits wide variation in seed production. Native European populations are fertile and diploid or sterile and triploid. However, adventive North American populations are widely reported to be sexually sterile. We quantified sexual fertility and self-compatibility under greenhouse conditions for nine introduced populations from eastern Ontario, Canada. All populations were highly fertile and self-compatible. Each flower produced an average of 127 ± 7 (mean ± SE) filled seeds and 31.4 ± 0.4% of seeds germinated. This level of fertility is much higher than previously reported, even for fertile native populations. We also quantified the production of seeds, flowers, and inflorescence-borne asexual bulbils in 19 natural populations from eastern Ontario; 17 populations were highly fertile (200 ± 9 seeds/fruit) and 2 produced almost no seeds (0.0-0.3 seeds/fruit), because ovules were either not fertilized or were aborted soon after fertilization. We found no evidence of a trade-off between sexual reproduction and clonal reproduction via bulbils. The wide variation in reproductive strategy observed in these populations raises questions concerning the evolutionary loss of sex in clonal populations, and may have significant implications for the spread and management of this exotic species.Key words: aquatic plants, clonal reproduction, breeding systems, invasive plants, reproductive ecology, sexual sterility.

scholarly journals The role of host promiscuity in the invasion process of a seaweed holobiont

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Bonthond ◽  
Till Bayer ◽  
Stacy A. Krueger-Hadfield ◽  
Nadja Stärck ◽  
Gaoge Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Plant Invasions ◽  
Invasion Process ◽  
Microbial Succession ◽  
Invasive Seaweed ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Important Trait ◽  
Different Populations

AbstractInvasive species are co-introduced with microbiota from their native range and also interact with microbiota found in the novel environment to which they are introduced. Host flexibility toward microbiota, or host promiscuity, is an important trait underlying terrestrial plant invasions. To test whether host promiscuity may be important in macroalgal invasions, we experimentally simulated an invasion in a common garden setting, using the widespread invasive macroalga Agarophyton vermiculophyllum as a model invasive seaweed holobiont. After disturbing the microbiota of individuals from native and non-native populations with antibiotics, we monitored the microbial succession trajectories in the presence of a new source of microbes. Microbial communities were strongly impacted by the treatment and changed compositionally and in terms of diversity but recovered functionally by the end of the experiment in most respects. Beta-diversity in disturbed holobionts strongly decreased, indicating that different populations configure more similar –or more common– microbial communities when exposed to the same conditions. This decline in beta-diversity occurred not only more rapidly, but was also more pronounced in non-native populations, while individuals from native populations retained communities more similar to those observed in the field. This study demonstrates that microbial communities of non-native A. vermiculophyllum are more flexibly adjusted to the environment and suggests that an intraspecific increase in host promiscuity has promoted the invasion process of A. vermiculophyllum. This phenomenon may be important among invasive macroalgal holobionts in general.

Introduced North American Black Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) Populations are Biennial

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 624-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christa E. Fettig ◽  
Ruth A. Hufbauer
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Hyoscyamus Niger ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Black Henbane ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
American Black ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Bolting And Flowering

AbstractBlack henbane can be either annual or biennial. We investigated which life cycle is found in four introduced western North American populations. Plants were grown in a greenhouse common garden until half were vernalized by exposure to natural winter temperatures, while the other half remained in the greenhouse above 20 C, with 16 h of light and 8 h of dark. In total the plants were monitored 313 d after germination. We measured whether plants bolted, the time it took for bolting to commence, and the size at bolting. All vernalized plants bolted after 117 d of active growth (within 26 d of the end of the vernalization treatment), whereas only 26% of the nonvernalized plants bolted after an average of 278 d of active growth. Vernalized plants bolted at a smaller size than the nonvernalized plants that bolted (28 vs. 41 leaves on average). In the nonvernalized plants, the relationship between time to bolting and size was strong, but not so with the vernalized plants. Our results indicate that introduced black henbane plants are biennial, and that vernalization is more critical to bolting and flowering than reaching a certain size. Nonetheless, the fact that nonvernalized plants were capable of bolting if grown long enough suggests that vernalization is not the only cue that can trigger reproduction in introduced populations.

DIFFERENTIAL EFFECT OF SALINITY ON GROWTH, NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION AND CHLOROPHYLL IN SUGARCANE VARIETIES MEX 69-290 AND CP 72-2086

Agrociencia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 597-610
Author(s):  
Odón Castañeda Castro ◽  
Miriam Cristina Pastelín Solano ◽  
Libia Iris Trejo Téllez ◽  
Eduardo Ariel Solano Pastelín ◽  
Fernando Carlos Gómez Merino
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Saccharum Spp ◽  
Sugarcane Varieties ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Affected Plant ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Irrigation Solution ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Better Than

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) is moderately sensitive to salinity and the effects on plant performance vary according to stress level and genotype. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of salt stress induced by application of different NaCl levels in the irrigation solution on plant height, indirect index of chlorophylls (SPAD), and macronutrients concentration (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) and Na in leaves of two sugarcane varieties: CP 72-2086 and Mex 69-290. The experiment was set in a completely randomized design with a 2×5 factorial arrangement. The study factors were sugarcane variety (CP 72-2086 and Mex 69-290) and NaCl concentration (0.0, 71.8, 143.6, 215.4 and  282.7 mM NaCl). Salinity as a single factor negatively affected plant height, SPAD units and N and P concentration in leaves; Ca concentrations increased, while K, Mg and S remained unaffected by the tested NaCl levels. Mex 69-290 grew higher and concentrated greater levels of N and K. Interactions of factors showed that salinity reduced growth in both varieties, but this reduction was more pronounced in CP 72-2086. SPAD units were also significantly reduced by salinity in both varieties. Concentrations of N and P in leaves decreased in both varieties in response to NaCl, while those of K and Ca increased in Mex 69-290. Concentration of Na was higher in Mex 69-290 which exhibited better performance than CP 72-2086. Sodium concentrations in leaves increased in direct relation to the tested NaCl concentrations. Mex 69-290 reached higher concentrations of Na in leave tissues but displayed better health than CP 72-2086. Thus, the variety Mex 69-290 showed more efficient Na-tolerance mechanisms related to Ca and K concentrations, and an indirect chlorophyll index better than CP 72-2086.

scholarly journals Genetic control of agronomic traits in an oat population of recombinant lines

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itamar Cristiano Nava ◽  
Ismael Tiago de Lima Duarte ◽  
Marcelo Teixeira Pacheco ◽  
Luiz Carlos Federizzi
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Genetic Control ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Plant Growth Habit ◽  
Vegetative Cycle ◽  
Efficiency Of Selection

Understanding the genetic control of phenotypic traits is essential to increase the efficiency of selection for adapted, high-yielding genotypes. The purpose of this study was to determine the genetic control of nine traits of hexaploid oat. Phenotypic data were collected from a population of 162 recombinant lines derived from the cross 'UFRGS17 x UFRGS 930598-6'. For the traits plant growth habit, hairs on leaf edges and panicle type, monogenic genetic control was observed. A quantitative and/or polygenic genetic control was stated for the traits panicle weight, panicle length, vegetative cycle, plant height, test weight and grain yield. High heritability was estimated for the traits vegetative cycle (h² = 0.89) and plant height (h² = 0.79), while moderate heritability was determined for test weight (h² = 0.51) and grain yield (h² = 0.48).

scholarly journals Plant Phenotypic Traits Eventually Shape Its Microbiota: A Common Garden Test

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunshi Li ◽  
Xiukun Wu ◽  
Tuo Chen ◽  
Wanfu Wang ◽  
Guangxiu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Garden ◽  
Phenotypic Traits

Phenotypic diversity of weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) biotypes found in California and implications for management

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 485-495
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Karn ◽  
Teresa De Leon ◽  
Luis Espino ◽  
Kassim Al-Khatib ◽  
Whitney Brim-DeForest
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Wild Rice ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Weedy Rice ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Leaf Pubescence

AbstractWeedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea Rosh.) is an emerging weed of California rice (Oryza sativa L.) that has potential to cause large yield losses. Early detection of weedy rice in the field is ideal to effectively control and prevent the spread of this weed. However, it is difficult to differentiate weedy rice from cultivated rice during early growth stages due to the close genetic and phenotypic relatedness of cultivated rice and weedy rice. The objective of this study is to examine phenotypic variation in weedy rice biotypes from California and to identify traits that could be used to visually identify weedy rice infestations at early growth stages for effective management. Greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 using five phenotypically distinct biotypes of weedy rice found in California, along with diverse cultivated, weedy, and wild rice types in a randomized complete block design. We measured variation for 13 phenotypic traits associated with weedy rice and conducted principal component analysis and factor analysis to identify important weedy traits. Most weedy rice individuals within a biotype clustered together by phenotypic similarity. Pericarp color, hull color, chlorophyll content, grain length, plant height, leaf pubescence, collar color, and leaf sheath color account for most of the observed variation. California weedy rice biotypes are phenotypically distinct from wild rice and from weedy rice from the southern United States in their combinations of seed phenotypes and vegetative characteristics. In comparison with the locally grown temperate japonica cultivars, California weedy rice tends to be taller, with lower chlorophyll content and a red pericarp. Weedy rice biotypes vary in seed shattering and seed dormancy. For weedy rice management, plant height and chlorophyll content are distinct traits that could be used to differentiate weedy rice from the majority of cultivated rice varieties in California during vegetative stages of rice growth.

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