The Effect of Simulated Microgravity On The Antioxidant Capacity And Alkaloid Formation In The Hyoscyamus Niger

Microgravity is one of the most important abiotic stresses in space. In the case of plant exposure to short term microgravity, plants establish strategies to response to these stresses and promote growth and survival. We hypothesized that the simulated microgravity can promote the antioxidant capacity and the formation of secondary metabolites such as tropane alkaloids in the Hyoscyamus niger. Callus induction was conducted by putting hypocotyl segments of H. niger seedlings in solid MS medium supplemented with 1 mg L−1 2,4-D and 1 mg L−1 BAP growth regulators. Then, the sub-cultured calli were placed on a clinostat for 3, 7 and 10 days. We performed Atropine and Scopolamine determination through HPLC. PAL (Phenyle alanine amonalyase) and antioxidant activity were also determined. Gene expression analysis of jasmonic acid (JA), Hyoscyamine 6-beta Hydroxylase (H6H), Putrescine N-methyltransferase (PMT), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and ethylene responsive element binding (EREB) was performed using quantitative real time PCR. Findings showed that microgravity had a positive effect on the antioxidant capacity, Atropine and Scopolamine production in the H. niger calli. However, microgravity had a negative effect on the PAL activity. Furthermore, gene expression analysis indicated that microgravity significantly induced gene expression of the H6H, PMT and JA. It was also revealed that callus growth, carbohydrate and protein content increased in response to microgravity treatment. We conclude that microgravity can be considered as a potent factor to induce plant antioxidant activity and tropane alkaloids formation to be applicable in the pharmaceutical and medicinal industries.

L-Phenylalanine Applications and Culture Duration Affect Root Growth and Production of Tropane Alkaloids and Phenolics in Adventitious Root Cultures of Hyoscyamus Niger L.

This study was aimed to determine the effects of different concentrations of L-phenylalanine (0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 mM L-Phe) applied to adventitious root cultures for different culture durations on root growth and production of tropane alkaloids and phenolics in Hyoscyamus niger. For this purpose, adventitious roots obtained from petiole explants of in vitro seedlings were used as plant materials. After adventitious roots were cultured in liquid MS medium, L-Phe was applied to the adventitious roots. Then the roots were harvested on the 1st, 3rd, and 7th day of the applications, fresh and dry root weights, root growth indexes were analysed. It was also examined the contents of tropane alkaloids (hyoscyamine and scopolamine) and phenolics (gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, vanillin, cinnamic acid, rosmarinic acid, p-coumaric, o-coumaric acid, rutin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin) by HPLC in both adventitious roots and culture medium. As a result, the greatest root growth values were obtained from the roots harvested on the 3rd and 7th days after 0.50 and 1.00 mM L-Phe applications. The maximum scopolamine and hyoscyamine amounts were detected in the cultures with the application of 0.50 mM L-Phe for 3 days. In terms of phenolics, 0.50 mM and 1.00 mM L-Phe application with 1st and 3rd days were selected as the most appropriate L-Phe applications and culture duration. Consequently, it has been determined that in vitro secondary metabolite production may be increased in H. niger root cultures with the selection of appropriate L-Phe concentrations and culture durations.

Nixing the nightshades: Traditional knowledge of intoxicating members of the Solanaceae among hallucinogenic plant and mushroom users in Slovenia

Anticholinergic plants of the family Solanaceae have a long history of use as medicines, poisons, and recreational drugs. Though they were the intoxicating substances of choice throughout Europe for centuries, their use for these purposes has declined with the globalisation of other recreational drugs. The present study sought to examine the level of knowledge surrounding these plants among individuals who had used other hallucinogenic plants or mushrooms in Slovenia. Participants were questioned in regards to the anticholinergic Solanaceae that are known to grow wild in Slovenia: Atropa belladonna L., Datura stramonium L., Hyoscyamus niger L., and Scopolia carniolica L. As expected, only a small number of individuals had any substantial knowledge of these plants, and fewer still had used them; some were even unfamiliar with any of these plants. Knowledge of toxicity generally arose from family members, while books and the internet played prominent roles in regards to use knowledge. Knowledge of the plants was vastly varied, with many individuals confusing the plants for others, especially other members of the Solanaceae. Ultimately, a small group of individuals had the largest body of knowledge of these plants, though this was linked with university studies rather than traditional uses. Knowledge of the intoxicating Solanaceae has been largely lost in Slovenia among users of other botanical hallucinogens, likely due to the various dangers their use poses and the undesirable effects they often cause.

The Studies on pesticide properties from indigenous medicinal plants; antibacterial activity on plant pathogenic bacteria, Pseudomonas.syringae

We tested the extracts from plants growing in Mongolia, such as Chelidonium majus, Artemisia annua L, and Hyoscyamus niger L, against bacterial angular spot plant disease, which is the most common and harmful in the greenhouses of Mongolia to determine a bactericidal activity of these plants in vitro on plant pathogenic bacteria, Pseudomonas.syringae The extracts of selected plants were used at 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0,15.0 mg/ml concentrates against plant pathogenic P.syringae bacteria, among them 0.3, 0.6 mg/ml concentrates did not show the zones of growth inhibition (ZGI). The zones of growth inhibition were observed at 1.2 mg/ml; it considered as minimum inhibition concentrate (MIC). The extract of Chelidonium majus, at MIC 1.2 mg/ml concentrate, the zones of growth inhibition 9±0.58mm, at 15 mg/ml concentrate 18.6±0.33mm; the extract of Artemisia annua L, at MIC 1.2 mg/ml concentrate, 7.3±0.33 mm, at 15 mg/ml concentrate 17.6±0.33mm, and the extract of Hyoscyamus niger L, at MIC 1.2 mg/ml concentrate, 7.3±0.33 mm, at 15 mg/ml concentrate 17.6±0.33mm were observed respectively. Antibacterial activity of the extract of Chelidonium majus, 55.1-107.8%, the extract of Artemisia annua L 44.89-97.94%, and the extract of Hyoscyamus niger L 36.74-90.42% against plant pathogenic bacteria, P.syringae be compared to a positive control (Kanamycin) estimated. Among these plant extracts, the highest antibacterial activity found at 5-15 mg/ml concentrates of the extract of Chelidonium majus, which was over than standard solution (Kanamycin). Ургамлын пестицид шинж чанарын судалгаа; фитопатоген Pseudomonas.syringae бактерийн эсрэг идэвхиийг тодорхойлсон дүн Монгол орны уугууль эмт шинж чанар бүхий тарималжсан их шүүдэргэнэ(Chelidonium majus), байгалийн морин шарилж (Artemisia annua L), хар лантанз (Hyoscyamus niger L) зэрэг ургамлаас өтгөн ханд бэлтгэж, фитопатоген Pseudomonas.syringae бактерийн эсрэг туршиж, пестицид (бактерицид) шинж чанарыг судлав. Ургамлуудын хандыг 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0,15.0 мг/мл концентрацитайгаар тус тус авч фитопатоген P.syringae бактерийн эсрэг туршихад, 1.2 мг/мл концентрациас эхлэн мэдэгдэхүйц зоныг үүсгэсэн нь энэхүү бактерийн эсрэг идэвхитэй хамгийн бага концентраци болохыг тодорхойлов. Их шүүдэргэнэ ургамлын ханд нь хамгийн бага идэвхтэй 1.2 мг/мл концентрацидаа 9±0.58 мм, хамгийн их 15 мг/мл-дээ 18.6±0.33мм, Морин шарилж ургамлын ханд нь хамгийн бага идэвхтэй 1.2 мг/мл концентрацидаа 7.3±0.33 мм, хамгийн их 15 мг/мл-дээ 17.6±0.33мм, харин Хар лантанз ургамлын ханд нь хамгийн бага идэвхтэй 1.2 мг/мл концентрацидаа 7.3±0.33 мм, хамгийн их 15 мг/мл-дээ 17.6±0.33мм зоныг тус тус үүсгэсэнээс үзэхэд эдгээр ургамлуудын ханд нь энэхүү фитопатоген бактерийг дарангуйлах өндөр идэвхитэй байна. Их шүүдэргэнэ ургамлын ханд нь эерэг хяналттай харьцуулахад 55.1-107.8%, морин шарилжийн ханд 44.89-97.94% , хар лантанз ургамлын ханд нь 36.74-90.42% зэрэг бактерийн өнцгөн толбожилт өвчнийг үүсгэдэг P.syringae бактерийг эсрэг идэвхийг үзүүлснээс их шүүдэргэнэ ургамлын ханд нь дарангуйлах шинж чанарын хувьд эерэг хяналтаас давсан өндөр үр дүнг үзүүлэв. Түлхүүр үг: ургамлын ханд, пестицид (бактерицид) шинж чанар, in vitro, фитопатоген бактери