#56: A novel test for diagnosis and surveillance of Wuchereria bancrofti infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S21-S21
Author(s):  
Sarah E Greene ◽  
Kurt Curtis ◽  
Peter U Fischer ◽  
Christopher L King ◽  
Gary J Weil
Keyword(s):  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Indirect Elisa ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Filarial Antigen ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Antigen Tests ◽  
Igg4 Antibody

Abstract Background Elephantiasis or Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a parasitic infection that causes significant morbidity and impacts hundreds of millions of people in 73 countries. Most LF is caused by the nematode Wuchereria bancrofti, but Brugia species cause LF in some areas of Southeast Asia. The global program to eliminate LF uses mass drug administration (MDA) of antifilarial drugs in endemic areas to kill the microfilaria (MF) stage of the parasite that is required for ongoing transmission by mosquitos. Better tools are needed for assessing the success of MDA, because of limitations of available diagnostic tests. MF testing is often not feasible, because it requires collection of blood at night in most endemic areas. Existing antibody and antigen tests remain positive long after effective treatment, and their results do not correlate well with current infectivity. The Brugia Rapid test detects antibodies to BmR1, a Brugia protein that is expressed by MF. These antibodies disappear 2–3 years after effective treatment, and that makes the Brugia Rapid test a useful marker for persistent infection in the few countries with brugian filariasis. We set out to develop a novel antibody test for W. bancrofti infection based on a BmR1 homologue in W. bancrofti. Methods We cloned, expressed and purified a Wuchereria bancrofti protein (provisional name WbN1) that is a homologue of the Brugia malayi protein BmR1. Sera from patients infected with Wuchereria bancrofti as well as sera from patients infected with other closely related filarial species were tested for IgG4 antibodies to WbN1 by indirect ELISA. Results The ELISA has a sensitivity of 90.7% for infection with W. bancrofti based on the 80 bancrofti patient samples tested thus far. Specificity was 91.5% with 59 sera samples from patients infected with Onchocerca volvulus or Loa loa, which are filarial parasites that are co-endemic with W. bancrofti in Africa. Specificity was 97.9% with North American control samples. ELISA with sera from a clinical trial in Sri Lanka demonstrated that antibodies to WbN1 decreased significantly faster after treatment than antibodies to the previously described filarial antigen Bm14. Similar declines in antibody to WbN1 occurred after patients in Papua New Guinea received a single dose of triple drug treatment for LF with Ivermectin Diethylcarbamazine and Albendazole, that is effective for clearing MF from the blood without clearing filarial antigenemia. Conclusions While additional studies are needed, this ELISA for IgG4 antibody to the recombinant protein WbN1 could be a promising new surveillance tool for assessing for ongoing transmission of LF following MDA.

DETEKSI ANTIBODI MULTIPEL HEPATITIS C DALAM DARAH DONOR

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
Ranti Permatasari ◽  
Aryati Aryati ◽  
Budi Arifah
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Core Protein ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Hcv Infection ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
Hcv Antibody

Hepatitis C (HCV) infection could be spread by blood transfusion. Screening of HCV in donor blood could prevent HCV infection to the recipient. HCV antibody test using rapid test of multiple antibody detection by immunochromatography method is an easy and rapid test that could detect four HCV antibodies separately. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of antibody HCV using multiple antibody detection rapid test in diagnosing HCV infection. This was an analytical observational study with a cross sectional design. The samples consisted of 42 donors’ blood serum from the Surabaya Branch of the Indonesian Red Cross which underwent HCV infection test using ELISA method. The samples were then tested using PCR HCV RNA as the gold standard and antibody HCV multiple antibodydetection rapid test The diagnostic value of HCV antibody test using multiple antibody detection rapid test by immunochromatography method showed a diagnostic sensitivity of 100%, diagnostic specificity of 75%, positive predictive value of 66.7% and negative predictive value of 100%, a diagnostic efficiency of 83.3%, with a positive probability ratio of 4 times. The most often positive antibody pattern was four (4) positive antibodies (core protein, NS3, NS4 and NS5). Core protein (CP) and NS3 were the most often positive antibodies. Based on this study result, the HCV antibody test using multiple antibody detection rapid test by immunochromatography method has a good diagnostic value.

scholarly journals Point-of-care serological assays for SARS-CoV-2 in a UK hospital population: potential for enhanced case finding

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Pallett ◽  
Aatish Patel ◽  
Gary Davies ◽  
Luke Moore
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Serological Test ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Hospital Inpatient ◽  
Case Identification ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Population Potential

Abstract Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global pandemic, causing over 3,600,000 reported cases and 250,000 deaths worldwide.1 Case identification has predominantly been made by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) during the acute phase and largely restricted to healthcare laboratories. Serological assays are emerging but independent validation is urgently required to assess their utility. Where a plurality of point-of-care (POC) SARS-CoV-2 antibody test kits have become available, we will therefore aim to evaluate a range of kits against the current available gold-standard diagnostic test of PCR in an initial, exploratory study. We will then proceed to carry out testing with 200 hospital inpatients using the OrientGene COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test Cassette against PCR in order to undergo a preliminary evaluation of POC serological test performance characteristics within a hospital inpatient cohort.

scholarly journals Pilot Assessment of a Rapid Test for the Detection of COVID-19 Disease by Using Latex Agglutination

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cariaga-Martínez A ◽  
◽  
Gutiérrez KJ ◽  
Alelú-Paz R ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Complementary Method ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Containment Measures

The rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which was declared a pandemic by the WHO in March 2020, has forced the scientific community to develop rapid detection tests in order to detect positive cases and implement the containment measures established in each country. In this regard, the techniques used (RTPCR, antibody test, etc.) have a number of drawbacks: require specialized personnel, in addition to, in some cases, obtaining results after 24 hours. Agglutination tests, widely used in the detection of viral particles, represent a simple, inexpensive and scalable method that would allow screening studies to be carried out in large populations. In this paper, we present a SARS-CoV-2 detection test based on this methodology, which could be considered as a complementary method to the techniques used for the detection of SARSCoV-2.

scholarly journals Splenic Nodules: Canine Visceral leishmaniasis?

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilsan Aparecida De Oliveira ◽  
Vitória Aline Santos Sarmento ◽  
Isabelle Vanderlei Martins Bastos ◽  
Alberon Ribeiro De Araújo ◽  
Lígia Buzzá Roo De Mendonça ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Biochemical Alterations ◽  
University Center ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Endemic Areas

Background: Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a parasitic disease of high lethality caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum in Brazil and is often related to splenomegaly. However, splenic nodules in dogs, although frequent, have not previously been reported as associated with CVL, but with neoplastic diseases. Considering that most dogs infected are oligosymptomatic or asymptomatic and that splenic nodules are common to other diseases, it is prudent to differentially diagnose CVL in view of its high zoonotic potential and lethality. The objective of the study was to describe a case of splenomegaly with splenic nodules associated with CVL in an asymptomatic dog treated with 2% miltefosina.                                             Case: A 5-year-old male Rottweiler with 41 kg, with a history of inappetence, apathy and weight loss was referred to the Veterinary Medicine School Clinic of the Cesmac University Center, Maceió, AL, Brazil. However, during palpation a slight increase in the spleen was noted. Hematological, hemoparasite, biochemical and abdominal ultrasonographic examinations were requested to clarify the clinical suspicion of hemoparasitosis. The hematological and biochemical results respectively showed the following: normocytic normochromic anemia, hyperproteinemia and thrombocytopenia, in addition to hypoalbuminemia, with elevated total protein levels. The test for hemoparasites was negative. Ultrasonography showed mixed echogenicity suggestive of nodules. The rapid test for Ehrlichia, Anaplasma and L. infantum was performed. It was positive only for L. infantum. ELISA, IFAT and qPCR tests were performed to confirm the result. The test showed a cut-off result of 0.371 for ELISA, positive for RIFI at a cut-off of 1:40 and qPCR with less than 1 fg and with amplification above 36 cycles. In view of these results, treatment with 2% miltefosine at a dose of 1 mL/ 10 kg was started once a day, after feeding, for 28 days. The animal was monitored throughout treatment and re-evaluated every 10 days for 30 days, showing signs of clinical development, presenting satisfactory results.Discussion: Canine splenomegaly can be associated with a variety of disease possibilities. In asymptomatic canine visceral leishmaniasis (CanL), the slight increase in spleen and the presence of splenic nodules may lead to a false diagnosis. Splenic nodules may be associated with dogs of advanced age and may be due to lymphoid nodular hyperplasia, which causes nodules with echogenicity, hyperechoic regions with well demarcated irregularity, with centralized hypoechoic areas and an absence of hematological and biochemical alterations. The cause of splenomegaly associated with nodules may be difficult to diagnose and require much time and effort. Therefore, diseases such as visceral leishmaniasis of high lethality must be the priority in differential diagnosis in endemic areas in order to minimize the risk of transmission. In addition to allowing an early intervention aiming at good animal health results and preventive measures, such as the use of repellent collars that reduce the risk of phlebotomo infection. The differential diagnosis of CVL is necessary in endemic areas, even in asymptomatic dogs that may present splenic alterations suggestive of other diseases. Treatment with 2% miltefosine was shown to be, in this case, effective at reducing the splenic nodules and a good alternative for the quality of life of the animal.

EVALUATION OF LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS AFTER TWO ROUNDS OF MASS DRUG ADMINISTRATION IN LAU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF TARABA STATE NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 513-519
Author(s):  
D. E. Akafyi ◽  
I. S. Ndams ◽  
S. A. Luka ◽  
F. S. Ojeleye ◽  
S. O. Elkanah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Filarial Antigen ◽  
Physical Examinations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Card Test

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of Mass Drug Administration (MDA) on Wuchereria bancrofti (microfilariae) after two rounds of combined Ivermectin and Albendazole distribution. A total of 221 participants were recruited in three communities in Lau Local Government Area of Taraba State by convenience sampling method. Questionnaires and physical examinations were used to assess clinical manifestations associated with the infection. Blood samples were collected by finger prick method and stained with Giemsa stain for examination to establish the presence of W. bancrofti while immunochromatographic card test was performed to determine the presence of filarial antigen in serum. Previous data were used to determine the pre-drug prevalence of the parasite. The results showed that the drug did not significantly reduce the clinical manifestations reported among the patients. The microfilariae prevalence and microfilaria mean density after two rounds of drug administration was 19.5% and 1.49%, while the pre- MDA prevalence and microfilaria mean density was 27.8% and 2.44% respectively. There was a statistically significant decrease of microfilaria prevalence (P<0.05) after two rounds of MDA. There was no significant effect of MDA by age, sex and occupation-related microfilariae prevalence in the study area.  In conclusion, the study reveals that microfilaria prevalence and load decreased after two rounds of MDA of combined Ivermectin and Albendazole distribution amongst the studied populations. Routine evaluation of the MDA is required to assess the impact of the drug for the eventual elimination of the infection.

Evaluation of a Rapid Immunochromatographic test kit to the Gold Standard Fluorescent Antibody test for diagnosis of rabies in animals in Bhutan 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tenzin Tenzin ◽  
Kelzang Lhamo ◽  
Purna B Rai ◽  
Dawa Tshering ◽  
Pema Jamtsho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Value ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Reference Standard ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Percent Agreement ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Resource Poor

Abstract Background: Rabies kills approximately 59,000 people in the world each year worldwide. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of rabies is important for instituting rapid containment measures and for advising the exposed people for postexposure treatment. The application of a rapid diagnostic tests in the field can greatly enhance disease surveillance and diagnostic activities, especially in resource poor settings. In this study, a total of 179 brain tissue samples collected from different rabies suspect animal species (113 dogs, 50 cattle, 10 cats, 3 goats, 2 horses, and 1 bear) were selected and tested using both rapid immunochromatographic kit and the reference standard fluorescent antibody test (FAT). We evaluated the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of a rapid antigen detection test kit produced by BioNote, Inc. (Hwaseong-si, Korea) relative to a FAT for its fit-for-purpose for confirmation of clinical cases of rabies for early response and enhancing rabies surveillance. Results: Among 179 samples examined in this study, there was a concordance in results by the rapid test and FAT in 115 positive samples and 54 negative samples. Test results were discordant in 10 samples which were positive by FAT, but negative (false negative) by rapid kit. The rapid test kit showed a sensitivity of 92% (95% CI: 85.9 – 95.6) and specificity of 100% (95% CI: 93.4 – 100) using FAT as the reference standard. The positive and negative predictive values were found to be 100% (95% CI:96.7 – 100) and 84.4% (95% CI: 73.6 – 91.3), respectively. Overall, there was 94.4% (95% CI: 90 – 96.9) test agreement between rapid test and FAT (Kappa value = 0.874) with a positive percent agreement and negative percent agreement of 92 and 100%, respectively. Conclusions: Our finding demonstrated that the rapid test kit (BioNote) can be used for rabies surveillance and confirming clinical case of rabies in animals for making rapid decisions particularly controlling rabies outbreaks in resource poor settings.

scholarly journals Is There a Role of Using a Rapid Finger Prick Antibody Test in Screening for Celiac Disease in Children?

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Baraba Dekanić ◽  
Ivona Butorac Ahel ◽  
Lucija Ružman ◽  
Jasmina Dolinšek ◽  
Jernej Dolinšek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Tissue Transglutaminase ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Iga Deficiency ◽  
Iga Antibodies ◽  
Point Of Care Tests

Introduction. Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease triggered by gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. Despite the increasing prevalence of CD, many patients remain undiagnosed. Standard serology tests are expensive and invasive, so several point-of-care tests (POC) for CD have been developed. We aimed to determine the prevalence of CD in first-grade pupils in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Croatia, using a POC test. Methods. A Biocard celiac test that detects IgA antibodies to tissue transglutaminase in whole blood was used to screen for celiac disease in healthy first-grade children born in 2011 and 2012 who consumed gluten without restrictions. Results. 1478 children were tested, and none of them were tested positive with a rapid test. In 10 children (0,6%), IgA deficiency has been suspected; only 4 of them agreed to be tested further for total IgA, anti-tTG, and anti-DGP antibodies. IgA deficiency was confirmed in 3 patients, and in all 4 children, CD has been excluded. Conclusion. Our results have not confirmed the usefulness of the POC test in screening the general population of first-grade schoolchildren. Further research is needed to establish the true epidemiology of CD in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County and to confirm the value of the rapid test in comparison with standard antibody CD testing.

scholarly journals A Rare Case of Ovarian Filariasis in Abidjan

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Doukouré Brahima ◽  
Abouna Alain Didier ◽  
Dou Gonat Serge Pacôme ◽  
Aman Nguiessan Alphonse ◽  
Koffi Abdoul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Histological Examination ◽  
Pelvic Pain ◽  
Ovarian Cyst ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Chronic Pelvic Pain ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Diagnostic Problem ◽  
Endemic Areas

Ovarian filariasis is an exceptional disease and displays a major diagnostic problem even in endemic areas. We reported the case of a 19-year-old patient who had ovarian cyst which was revealed by chronic pelvic pain. The histological examination of oophorectomy specimen led to theWuchereria bancroftifilariasis of the ovary. The anatomopathologic examination is required for the diagnosis of this disease.

scholarly journals A Targeted Survey for Scrapie in Jos Plateau State, Nigeria

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
O. O. Nwankiti ◽  
E. I. Ikeh ◽  
O. A. Arowolo ◽  
A. J. Nwankiti ◽  
M. O. Odugbo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Casualty Slaughter ◽  
Plateau State

Scrapie, a disease of sheep and goats with a progressive course and fatal outcome, has not been identified in Nigeria. Anecdotal scrapie reports by livestock workers abound. Livestock diseases like scrapie form huddles in livestock economics of countries. For 8 months we surveyed for scrapie targeting emergency/casualty slaughter sheep and goats in Jos, Nigeria. We clinically examined 510 sheep and 608 goats of local breeds, aged from 12 months to 5 years. In total 31 (5.10%) goats and no sheep were clinically suspicious for scrapie. Caudal brainstem tissues of suspect animals collected postmortem were analyzed for the disease specific form of the prion protein, PrPSc, using Bio-Rad’s TeSeE ELISA rapid test kit. No sample was positive for scrapie. Fluorescent antibody test for rabies and H&E staining on samples were carried out for differential diagnosis. These showed no pathological lesions indicative for neurological disease. While our findings do not exclude the presence of scrapie in Jos, we demonstrate that targeted sampling of small ruminants for neuroinfectious disease is feasible in developing countries, pointing to the possibility of implementing such a monitoring scheme in Nigeria to prevent economic losses in small ruminant livestock as scrapie caveats from endemic countries have shown.

Orbital Dirofilariasis

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 258-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Strianese ◽  
A. Martini ◽  
G. Molfino ◽  
L. Falabella ◽  
F. Tranfa
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Inflammatory Pseudotumor ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Initial Diagnosis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Endemic Areas

Purpose To warn the ophthalmologist to consider orbital dirofilariasis in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory masses of the orbit. Patients Two cases with non-specific swelling and pain of the orbit who had a initial diagnosis of “inflammatory pseudotumor of the orbit”. Results These are two new cases of orbital dirofilariasis. Conclusion In the ophthalmic literature, the highest incidence of ocular dirofilariasis is reported in Italy. Since both these patients had no history of travel in endemic areas of Dirofilaria, this parasitic infection is presumably not rare in Italy and is probably underdiagnosed.

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