Independent genetic control of maize (Zea mays L.) kernel weight determination and its phenotypic plasticity

A case of cross-incompatibility among crosses in our genetics nursery was first observed in 1975. These crosses though involving controlling elements in maize (Zea mays L.) do not necessarily implicate these elements. When the derivative genotypes from the genetic stocks were crossed by specific male parents, ears with reduced seed set (RSS) were produced. In the reciprocal cross where these same genetic stocks were used as the male parent, ears with normal seed set (NSS) were obtained. The RSS effect is a heritable character caused by an incompatibility interaction between the female tissue and a specific pollen type. The genetic control of the incompatibility interaction has been hypothesized to be influenced by a cytoplasmic–chromosomal interaction in the female and a chromosomal factor in the pollen. The site of the incompatibility interaction is not on the silk surface because the incompatible pollen germinated and developed normally on the silk surface. Thus, the incompatibility interaction can occur either inside the silk or the ovule.

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Cross-pollination effects on maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid yields

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps92-004 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 72 (1) ◽

pp. 27-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

R. T. Weiland

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Zea Mays L ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Maize Yield ◽

Kernel Weight ◽

First Year ◽

Kernel Number ◽

Cross Pollination ◽

Grain Filling Period ◽

N Fertility

Recent studies have shown that pollen from a long-season maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid increased yield of a short-season hybrid by lengthening the effective grain-filling period, while the reciprocal cross did not alter this period or yield. This effect (metaxenia) was evaluated further in the studies reported here with hybrids of more diverse maturity and under both high and low N fertility. In the first year of this study (1989), sib- and cross-pollinations were made among B73Ht × Mo17 (B × 7) and two early-silking hybrids, LH59 × LH146 (L × 6) and Pioneer 3732 (3732) under N-sufficient (275 kg ha−1) and two lower N regimes (17 and 67 kg ha−1). Only a few significant effects were observed and these were noted at high N with one exception. With 3732 pollen, grain yield of B × 7 was decreased at 275 kg N ha−1, and physiological maturity occurred 3 d earlier. Yield of 3732 was increased by L × 6 pollen in comparison with B × 7 pollen. Kernel number and average kernel weight were not altered by pollen source. Pollen type did not affect yields under low N fertility, except for a reduction when B × 7 was pollinated by L × 6 at the 67-kg N ha−1 rate. In 1990, under N-sufficient fertility, B73Ht × LH156 (B × 6), a late-silking hybrid, and LH146 × LH82 (L × 2), an earlier hybrid, were sib- and cross-pollinated with B × 7 and 3732. The only significant effect observed was that L × 2 pollen increased B × 6 yield. Thus with the hybrids used, yields of early-season types were not altered by cross-pollination with long-season types. Previous results showing increased yields when 3732 was pollinated by B × 7 were not duplicated in either year, suggesting metaxenia effects are highly dependent upon environment.Key words: Metaxenia, xenia, cross-pollination, maize, yield, N levels

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TOLERÂNCIA GENÉTICA DE LINHAGENS DE MILHO AOS HERBICIDAS TEMBOTRIONE E NICOSULFURON

Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo ◽

10.18512/1980-6477/rbms.v17n2p317-327 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 317

Author(s):

ADILSON RICKEN SCHUELTER ◽

MAYARA FABIANA SILVA ◽

JONATAS MARCOLIN ◽

IVAN SCHUSTER ◽

ISABEL PRAZERES DE SOUZA

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Genetic Control ◽

Zea Mays L ◽

Block Design ◽

Inbred Lines ◽

Chi Square ◽

Crop Tolerance ◽

Maize Productivity ◽

Maize Inbred Lines ◽

Chi Square Test

RESUMO - As plantas daninhas constituem um dos fatores que reduzem a produtividade do milho e, portanto, é importante conhecer o mecanismo de tolerância da cultura aos herbicidas, de forma a fornecer informações que minimizem os riscos de danos aos cultivos. Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a resposta de linhagens de milho e o controle genético envolvido na tolerância aos herbicidas nicosulfuron e tembotrione. Duzentas e cinco linhagens de milho foram avaliadas quanto à reação aos herbicidas. Para a avaliação do controle genético de tolerância aos herbicidas foram empregadas duas linhagens tolerantes e duas sensíveis, as quais foram intercruzadas empregando um dialelo de meia tabela. As linhagens e as populações oriundas desses cruzamentos foram avaliadas quanto à reação aos herbicidas em delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. As dosagens foram de 60 g ha-1 de nicosulfuron (Sanson®) e 100 g ha-1 de tembotrione (Soberan®). A avaliação fenotípica constituiu-se de número de plantas sensíveis e/ou tolerantes e o teste do Qui-quadrado (χ2) foi utilizado nas análises. Quanto à resposta à aplicação dos agroquímicos verificaram-se linhagens tolerantes ou sensíveis a ambos os herbicidas ou apenas a um deles. Nas avaliações do controle genético, as análises evidenciaram um gene com dominância completa que, pela análise de segregação das famílias F3, permitiu levantar a hipótese de genes fortemente ligados ou pleiotrópicos. Os resultados obtidos, associados ao retrocruzamento assistido por marcadores moleculares (RCAM), auxiliaram o processo de introgressão da tolerância nas linhagens sensíveis aos herbicidas nicosulfuron e tembotrione.Palavras-chave: Zea mays L., herança, melhoramento genético, marcadores moleculares.GENETIC TOLERANCE OF MAIZE LINES TO TEMBOTRIONE AND NICOSULFURON ABSTRACT - As weeds are one of the factors that reduce maize productivity it is important to know the mechanism of crop tolerance to herbicide in order to minimize the risk of damage to the plants. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the response of maize inbred lines and the genetic control of the tolerance to the herbicides nicosulfuron and tembotrione. Two hundred and five maize inbred lines were evaluated for herbicides reaction. For the evaluation of the genetic control of tolerance to herbicides, two tolerant and two sensitive inbred lines were used, which were intercrossed using a half diallel table. The inbred lines and the populations obtained from these crosses were evaluated for reaction to the herbicides in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. The dosages were 60 g ha-1 of nicosulfuron (Sanson™) and 100 g ha-1 of tembotrione (Soberan™). The phenotypic evaluation was based on the number of sensitive and / or tolerant plants and the chi-square test (χ2) was used in the analysis. Regarding the response to the application of the agrochemicals, inbred lines were tolerant or sensitive to one or both herbicides. The analysis of genetic control showed a gene with complete dominance, and the segregation analysis of the F3 families hypothesized the occurrence of strongly linked or pleiotropic genes. The data obtained associated to marker-assisted backcrossing allowed the tolerance introgression in sensitive inbred lines to nicosulfuron and tembotrione.Keywords: Zea mays L., inheritance, plant breeding, molecular markers.

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Genetic control observation for yield and morphological traits in maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines

Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research ◽

10.15406/apar.2018.08.00339 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

Author(s):

MM Rohman

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Genetic Control ◽

Morphological Traits ◽

Zea Mays L ◽

Inbred Lines

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Some factors influencing electrolyte leakage from maize (Zea mays L.) kernels

Seed Science Research ◽

10.1017/s0960258500000581 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 15-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

H. Bruggink ◽

H. L. Kraak ◽

M. H. G. E. Dijkema ◽

J. Bekendam

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Electrolyte Leakage ◽

Zea Mays L ◽

Mechanical Damage ◽

Kernel Weight ◽

Conductivity Measurements ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Quality Testing ◽

Maize Kernels

AbstractEven though the embryo of a maize (Zea mays L.) kernel contributes relatively little to total kernel weight, it is a main source of electrolytes which leach from the kernel during imbibition. Ageing of maize kernels for 18 days at 40°C and a moisture content of about 15% results in an increase of electrolyte leakage which almost exclusively originates from the embryo. The effect of ageing is most apparent after prolonged periods of imbibition. Mechanical damage increases leakage early during imbibition, the effect of damage being considerably larger for aged than for unaged kernels. The large amount of electrolytes measured after the first hour of imbibition of undamaged kernels comes mainly from the pericarp. The electrolyte content of the pericarp is variety dependent and may interfere with quality testing by conductivity measurements.

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Biplot analysis for multi-environment trials of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids in Iran

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp09325 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 61 (9) ◽

pp. 700 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Saeed Safari Dolatabad ◽

Rajab Choukan ◽

Eslam Majidi Hervan ◽

Hamid Dehghani

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Zea Mays L ◽

Kernel Weight ◽

Yield Stability ◽

Grain Number ◽

Maize Hybrids ◽

Biplot Analysis ◽

Ear Height ◽

Two Sectors

Adapted maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids should be identified and chosen based on multi-environment trials analysing several traits. The objectives of this study were to identify mega-environments and suitable adapted maize hybrids based on both mean grain yield and grain yield stability and were to evaluate the 14 maize hybrids based on several desirable traits. Biplot analysis determined one mega-environment and two sectors that consist of one location in each sector for maize in Iran. The mega-environment included Kerman (KRM), Kermanshah (KSH), Moghan (MGN), Dezfol A (DZF A), Karaj (KRJ), Darab (DRB), Dezfol B (DZF B), Shiraz B (SHZ B), and Esfahan (ESF), where hybrid OSSK 602 was the best performing hybrid. The first sector included Khoramabad (KHM) where BC 678 was the best hybrid, and the second sector included Shiraz A (SHZ A) where ZP 599 was the hybrid with the highest performance. OSSK 602 was the best hybrid among all of the studied hybrids followed by ZP 677 and ZP 684. The genotype × trait biplot indicated that ZP 677 and OSSK 602 had greater thousand-kernel weight and grain number, whereas ZP 684 had longer day to maturity and larger cob diameter. KSC 700, KSC 704, and BC 678 had higher ear height and more days to tasseling than other hybrids. The genotype × trait biplot graphically displayed the interrelationships among traits and it was used in identifying hybrids that are good for some particular traits.

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