Part 2 National and Regional Reports, Part 2.2 Asia: Coordinated by Yuko Nishitani and Béligh Elbalti, 28 Japan: Japanese Perspectives on the Hague Principles

Author(s):  
Nishitani Yuko

This chapter discusses Japanese perspectives on the Hague Principles. Japan belongs to the civil law system, although some legal institutions grounded in common law also exist. At the end of the nineteenth century, Japan transplanted Western legal systems. Along with the codification of the Civil Code and other statutes, the Private International Law Act, Hôrei, was adopted in 1898, which was modernized and substituted by the Japanese Act on General Rules for Application of Laws (AGRAL) in 2006. The AGRAL designates, out of several conflicting laws, the law which has the closest connection with the legal relationship concerned. This value-neutral, multilateral method consists in localizing the legal relationship in a certain jurisdiction, grounded on the equality and interchangeability of domestic law and foreign law. While the judge does not have the authority to directly apply the Hague Principles instead of the AGRAL in litigation, the judge can certainly refer to the Hague Principles in seeking guidance for interpretation or filling gaps of the AGRAL, same as for other international, regional, or domestic conflicts rules, including the relevant Hague Conventions.

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 308
Author(s):  
Shaik Mohd Noor Alam S.M. Hussain

Malaysia dan Indonesia memiliki persamaan dan perbedaan dalam sistem hukum. Keduanegara mengenal Hukum Islam dan Hukum Adat. Namun berkenaan dengan hukum Baratmaka Malaysia menganut "Common Law System ", sedangkan Indonesia negeri yangdimasukkan dalam "Civil Law System ". Karangan berikut ini mencoba memperbandingkansahnya suatu perjanjian menurut hukum "Common Law" Malaysia dan "Civil Law" Indonesia. Terlihat adanya perbedaan dalam unsur-unsur yang harus dipenuhi untuk sahnya suatu perjanjian di kedua negara tersebut.


Author(s):  
Salame Antonio Aljure

This chapter looks at Colombian perspectives on the Hague Principles. In Colombia, civil and commercial regulations are contained in two separate codes: the Colombian Civil Code and the Commercial Code. Despite their separation, commercial law draws from civil law and regulates several areas not covered by the latter. As a result, civil and commercial law in Colombia should be understood as complementary in that they both regulate international contracts and share similar foundations and principles. There is currently no modern law that comprehensively deals with private international law in Colombia. However, the Bogotá Chamber of Commerce is in the process of drafting legislation with the objective of clarifying the interpretive approach to norms underlying international contracts. Although there is no express reference to the Hague Principles as a guiding or interpretative source of law for judges, it has been recognized in case law that international instruments such as the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (UPICC) may govern a legal relationship if they do not contravene an express rule. This gap-filling role facilitates the transition of law to modernity by virtue of the requirements of relevance, coherence, and justice.


Author(s):  
Alex Ruck Keene ◽  
QC Alison Scott Butler

Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces, including Nova Scotia (‘NS’), and three territories. The common law applies in Canada, with the exception of the province of Quebec, which uses a civil law system. There is a federal government; as a province, NS also exercises constitutional powers in its own right. Federal legislation includes provisions relating to adults within the scope of this work. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms also guarantees certain political rights to Canadians and civil rights to everyone in Canada, and contains rights that impact upon capacity law.


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
Sardjana Atmadja

Background: To safe services in hygienic conditions must be made widely available and affordable, so that the stigma associated with providing and obtaining abortions can lessen and safe services can become normal and accepted, abortion is broadly legal, widely available and safe in Indonesia.Objective: The purpose of this article to discuss ius constituendum on abortion in Indonesia from criminal law perspective between Common Law System and Civil Law System.In Indonesia Ius Contituendum on abortion  is not directed to legalization of abortion as carried out both in Netherland and USA but tends to be harmonized with therapeutic abortion concept both medical and psychiatric fields.Material and Method: Systematic review of studies evaluating the prevalence of unsafe abortion in Indonesia.Results: The public health tragedy caused by unsafe abortion is all the more so because it is largely preventable, by improving the quality and availability of post abortion care, by making abortion legal and increasing access to safe services, and—because almost every abortion is preceded by an unintended pregnancy—by expanding access to contraceptive information and services. Restrictive laws have much less impact on stopping women from ending an unwanted pregnancy than on forcing those who are determined to do so to seek out clandestine means. Ironically, the abortion laws governing of Indonesia  is holdovers from the colonial era.Conclutions:  “Halal” abortion is making a significant contribution toward reducing the need for abortion altogether and the likelihood of unsafe abortion by bringing down the rates of unintended pregnancy. This is also helping to reduce complications of unsafe abortion through its support for programs to increase access to and improve post abortion care. This includes not only treatment for septic or incomplete abortion, but also essential post abortion.Keywords: “Halal” abortion, the public health tragedy, unintended pregnancy Common law system,Civil law system and Ius Constituendum.


2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hari Purwadi ◽  
Adi Sulistiyono ◽  
Adriana Grahani Firdausy

<div class="WordSection1"><p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>Legal transplants in the form of ideas, concepts, solutions or structures, institutions, and methods, from one country to another has been a tendency in the development of the law in various parts of the world. Including Indonesia, has conducted legal transplants from various foreign legal system or any other country in the formation of various laws. Legal transplants in the perspective of comparative law and culture has potential mismatch between law and society, considering foreign law (the model) has material base differ with the recipient, such as Indonesia, the material and social base reflected in the values  of Pancasila or local law. Therefore, studies on this subject is very important, and in this study aims to analyze: (1) the form of transplantation of foreign law into the legal system of Indonesia (national law); (2) inevitability of legal convergence in the development of national law in the future. Theoretically, this study relates to theories of legal transplant or diffusion of law, in particular mixing legal system and harmonization or convergence. This study confirmed the legal transplant theories are constructed from practices in Western countries. For that purpose, this study methodologically used socio-legal research types (nondoctrinal / socio-legal research). Based on the  category of Esin Örücü, found that legal transplants in Indonesia occurred in various combinations of the most complex forms to simpler. Constitution as an example, transplant in the form of structures, institutions, and methods, in addition to the form of ideas, concepts, and solusion from Western law, both civil law system and common law systems. Legal transplants in Indonesia generally more formal process (formal diffusion) rather than substantive and make Western law have a dominant position. Local law and Pancasila under pressure of Western law. Therefore, the development of the law in the future must be built on a foundation of Jurisprudence as activity of theorizing, so that ideas, concepts, and solutions, as well as structures, institutions, and methods that can be characterized Pancasila as Western law competitor.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>legal transplants, harmonization, foreign laws, local laws, and Pancasila</em></p><p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Transplantasi hukum dalam bentuk ide, konsep, solusi atau struktur, institusi, dan metode, dari satu negara ke negara lain telah menjadi kecenderungan dalam pembangunan hukum di berbagai belahan dunia. Tidak terkecuali Indonesia, telah melakukan transplantasi hukum dari berbagai sistem hukum asing atau negara lain dalam pembentukan berbagai undang-undang. Transplantasi hukum dalam perspektif perbandingan hukum dan budaya (<em>comparative law and culture</em>) potensial melahirkan ketidaksepadanan antara hukum dan masyarakat (<em>mismatch between law and society</em>), mengingat hukum asing (model) memiliki basis materiil hukum dan sosial berbeda dengan tempat dipindahkan atau penerima (<em>recipient</em>), seperti Indonesia, yang basis materiil dan sosialnya tercermin dalam Pancasila atau hukum lokal. Untuk itu, studi mengenai hal ini sangat penting dilakukan, dan dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis: (1) bentuk transplantasi hukum asing ke dalam tata hukum Indonesia (hukum Nasional); (2) keniscayaan kovergensi hukum dalam pembangunan hukum Nasional di masa datang. Secara teoritis, penelitian ini berhubungan dengan teori-teori transplantasi atau difusi hukum, khususnya pencampuran sistem hukum (<em>mixin</em><em>g legal system</em>) dan harmonisasi atau konvergensi hukum. Penelitian ini mengonfirmasi (<em>confirming</em>) teori-teori transplantasi hukum yang dibangun dari praktik-praktik di negara-negara Barat. Untuk tujuan itu, penelitian ini secara metodologis menggunakan jenis penelitian sosio-legal (nondoktrinal/<em>socio-legal research</em>), Dengan menggunakan kategori dari Esin Örücü, ditemukan bahwa transplantasi hukum di Indonesia terjadi dalam berbagai kombinasi bentuk dari yang paling kompleks sampai sederhana.</p></div><p>Konstitusi sebagai misal, mentransplantasi dalam bentuk struktur, institusi, dan metode, di samping bentuk ide, konsep, dan solusi hukum Barat, baik <em>civil law system </em>maupun <em>common law system</em>. Transplanatsi itu secara umum lebih banyak dilakukan secara formal (difusi formal) daripada substantif dan menempatkan posisi dominan hukum Barat. Hukum lokal dan Pancasila mengalami tekanan dari Hukum Barat . Oleh karena itu, pembangunan hukum di masa datang harus dibangun di atas pondasi <em>jurisprudence as activity of theorizing</em>, sehingga ide, konsep, dan solusi, maupun struktur, institusi, dan metode yang berkarakter Pancasila dapat menjadi pesaing hukum Barat yang dominan.</p><p><strong>Kata kunci: </strong>transplantasi hukum, harmonisasi, hukum Asing, hukum lokal, dan nilai-nilai Pancasila</p><p> </p>


2013 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
Blerta Aliu

This paper focuses on understanding the role that stakeholders, especially, employees have in a company and corporate governance implications. Currently, human capital, embodied to employees, has become very fast the most important source of corporate value. This study makes an overview of the current situation in Albania, analyzing legal provisions and relevant international literature on this issue. The trends of the result for decision-making in the Albanian companies show a low level of participation of stakeholders, particularly employees. This study is based on a comparison between American common law system, supporters of the shareholders and the German civil law system, supportive of stakeholders. Here, is apparently stated the need to embrace the second system. Recent developments of American companies and the financial crisis are reasons which brought us to this conclusion. The German practice also, shows clearly that corporate social responsibility is the key to success, if it adapts to different historical, legal and cultural contexts.


Jurnal Hukum ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1617
Author(s):  
Siti Rodhiyah Dwi Istinah

AbstrakMembandingkan sistem pemerintahan presidensiil di Indonesia dalam sistem hukum civil law dengan sistem presidensiil Amerika Serikat (AS) dalam sistem hukum common law, dapat dipahami perkembangan karakteristik sistem ketatanegaraan masing-masing negara. Mengikuti perkembangan pemikiran  founding fathers tentang dasar negara, mereka menyatakan pembentukan negara Republik Indonesia didasarkan atas corak hidup bangsa Indonesia yaitu sistem kekeluargaan dan akan menggunakan sistem pemerintahan yang sesuai dengan corak masyarakatnya. Akan tetapi dengan adanya reformasi pada tahun 1998, penegasan sistem pemerintahan presidensiil disepakati dalam agenda sidang MPR yang membahas tentang perubahan UUD 1945. Dalam pelaksanaan sistem presidensiil di Indonesia yang tumbuh dalam sistem civil law terdapat juga pengaruh common law. Dibuktikan dengan dianutnya prinsip-prinsip parlementarian. Ada upaya purifikasi sistem presidensiil, akan tetapi menjadi perlu pembenahan terutama pada infrastruktur politik dan penataan beberapa Undang-Undang (UU) di bidang politik. Sedangkan sistem pemerintahan presidensiil Amerika Serikat sudah menyatu dalam praktek ketatanegaraannya, karena Amerika Serikat merupakan tanah kelahiran sistem presidensiil dan merupakan contoh ideal karena memenuhi hampir semua kriteria yang ada dalam sistem pemerintahan presidensiil. Ada beberapa kelebihan dan kekurangan  di masing-masing sistem pemerintahan presidensiil antara Indonesia dengan Amerika Serikat. Hal ini disebabkan beberapa pengaruh   yang mendukung efektifitas pelaksanaan sistem tersebut antara lain tentang sistem hukum yang mendasarinya, sistem kepartaian, sistem politik dan perkembangan demokrasi yang mewarnai pelaksanaan sistem ketatanegaraannya. Kata kunci: Perbandingan, Sistem Pemerintahan, Common Law, Civil Law, Sistem Pemerintahan Presidensiil AbstractComparing the presidential government system in Indonesia under civil law system with a presidential system of the United States (US) under a common law system, it can be understood from the development of the characteristics of the constitutional system of each country. Following the development of the basic ideas of the founding fathers of the state, they declared the establishment of the Republic of Indonesia based on the style of life of the Indonesian nation that kinship system and will use a system of government in accordance with a pattern of society. However, with the reform in 1998, assertion of presidential government system was agreed on the agenda of the Assembly session that discusses the changes in the Constitution of 1945. In the implementation of the presidential system in Indonesia is growing in the civil law system there is also the influence of the common law. It is proved by the principles espoused of the parliament. There are efforts to purify the presidential system, but it becomes necessary infrastructure improvements, especially in the political and structuring some Act (Act) in politics. While the US system of presidential government are united in the practice of political subdivision, because the United States is the birthplace of the presidential system and is an ideal figure since it meets almost all the criteria that exist in the system of presidential government. There are some advantages and disadvantages of each system of presidential government between Indonesia and the United States. This is due to several influences that support the effective implementation of the system, among others, about the underlying legal system, party system, political system and democratic development that characterizes the implementation of the system of political subdivisions. Keywords: Comparison, System Administration, Common Law, Civil Law, Presidential Government System 


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