The Life History Framework and the FSD Model

2018 ◽  
pp. 153-192
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Life History ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Externalizing Disorders ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
P Factor ◽  
Developmental Features ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

The chapter presents a life history framework for psychopathology and introduces the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model, a three-way taxonomy that distinguishes between fast spectrum (F-type), slow spectrum (S-type), and defense activation disorders (D-type). Each type of disorder is associated with specific patterns of risk factors, sex differences, and developmental features (e.g., age of onset). The chapter also explores additional implications of the model and considers the role of general intelligence in the origin of psychopathology, The chapter ends with a detailed comparison between the FSD model and transdiagnostic models based on the distinction between internalizing and externalizing disorders (and, more recently, a general “p factor” of psychopathology).

scholarly journals The role of mental disorders in the risk and speed of transition to alcohol use disorders among community youth

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1073-1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Behrendt ◽  
K. Beesdo-Baum ◽  
P. Zimmermann ◽  
M. Höfler ◽  
A. Perkonigg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorders ◽  
Externalizing Disorders ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Rapid Transition ◽  
Dsm Iv

BackgroundAmong adolescents and young adults with DSM-IV alcohol use disorders (AUDs), there are inter-individual differences in the speed of transition from initial alcohol use (AU) to AUD. AUDs are highly co-morbid with other mental disorders. The factors associated with rapid transition from first AU to AUD remain unknown and the role of mental disorders in rapid transitions is unclear. Given this background we examined (1) whether prior anxiety, mood, externalizing and non-alcohol substance use disorders are related to the risk and speed of transition from first AU to DSM-IV alcohol abuse (AA) and alcohol dependence (AD) and (2) whether early age of onset of prior mental disorders (PMDs) is a promoter of rapid transition.MethodA total of 3021 community subjects (97.7% lifetime AU) aged 14–24 years at baseline were followed up prospectively for up to 10 years. AU and mental disorders were assessed with the DSM-IV/M-CIDI.ResultsAmong subjects with lifetime AU, several PMDs, such as specific phobia, bipolar disorder and nicotine dependence, were associated with an increased risk of AUD independent of externalizing disorders. Associations of PMDs with the speed of transition to AUDs were mostly weak and inconsistent. Only social phobia and externalizing disorders were associated with faster transitions to AD even after adjustment for other PMDs. Earlier age of onset of PMD was not associated with rapid transition.ConclusionsMental disorders are associated with the risk of AUD. With the possible exception of social phobia and externalizing disorders, they do not promote rapid transition, even if they occur particularly early. Future research needs to identify factors relevant to rapid transition to AUD.

The Autism Spectrum

2018 ◽  
pp. 243-260
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
De Novo Mutations ◽  
Life History Variation ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Developmental Features

The chapter discusses autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Autism is defined by a triad of symptoms: impairments in social interaction, impairments in communication, and restricted/repetitive behaviors and interests. After an overview of this disorder, its developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorder within the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model and identify functionally distinct subtypes. The author proposes to distinguish between a slow spectrum subtype with normal or high IQ and a major role of common alleles (S-ASD) and a subtype unrelated to life history variation, with high rates of intellectual disability and a major role of rare and de novo mutations (O-ASD).

Developmental pathways from preschool irritability to multifinality in early adolescence: the role of diurnal cortisol

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen M. Kessel ◽  
Allison Frost ◽  
Brandon L. Goldstein ◽  
Sarah R. Black ◽  
Lea R. Dougherty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internalizing Symptoms ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Externalizing Symptoms ◽  
Externalizing Disorders ◽  
Developmental Pathways ◽  
Stress System ◽  
Diurnal Cortisol ◽  
System Functioning ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

Abstract Background Early irritability predicts a broad spectrum of psychopathology spanning both internalizing and externalizing disorders, rather than any particular disorder or group of disorders (i.e. multifinality). Very few studies, however, have examined the developmental mechanisms by which it leads to such phenotypically diverse outcomes. We examined whether variation in the diurnal pattern of cortisol moderates developmental pathways between preschool irritability and the subsequent emergence of internalizing and externalizing symptoms 9 years later. Method When children were 3 years old, mothers were interviewed about children's irritability and completed questionnaires about their children's psychopathology. Six years later, children collected saliva samples at wake-up and bedtime on three consecutive days. Diurnal cortisol patterns were modeled as latent difference scores between evening and morning samples. When children were approximately 12 years old, mothers again completed questionnaires about their children's psychopathology. Results Among children with higher levels of irritability at age 3, a steeper diurnal cortisol slope at age 9 predicted greater internalizing symptoms and irritability at age 12, whereas a blunted slope at age 9 predicted greater externalizing symptoms at age 12, adjusting for baseline and concurrent symptoms. Conclusion Our results suggest that variation in stress system functioning can predict and differentiate developmental trajectories of early irritability that are relatively more internalizing v. those in which externalizing symptoms dominate in pre-adolescence.

Role of acquired and hereditary thrombotic risk factors in patients with ischemic colitis

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A282-A282
Author(s):  
I KOUTROUBAKIS ◽  
A SFIRIDAKI ◽  
A THEODOROPOULOU ◽  
A LIVADIOTAKI ◽  
P DIMOULIOS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ischemic Colitis ◽  
Thrombotic Risk

Psychological Resilience Provides No Independent Protection From Suicidal Risk

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danica W. Y. Liu ◽  
A. Kate Fairweather-Schmidt ◽  
Richard Burns ◽  
Rachel M. Roberts ◽  
Kaarin J. Anstey
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Psychological Resilience ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Life Project ◽  
Resilience Factors ◽  
First Time

Abstract. Background: Little is known about the role of resilience in the likelihood of suicidal ideation (SI) over time. Aims: We examined the association between resilience and SI in a young-adult cohort over 4 years. Our objectives were to determine whether resilience was associated with SI at follow-up or, conversely, whether SI was associated with lowered resilience at follow-up. Method: Participants were selected from the Personality and Total Health (PATH) Through Life Project from Canberra and Queanbeyan, Australia, aged 28–32 years at the first time point and 32–36 at the second. Multinomial, linear, and binary regression analyses explored the association between resilience and SI over two time points. Models were adjusted for suicidality risk factors. Results: While unadjusted analyses identified associations between resilience and SI, these effects were fully explained by the inclusion of other suicidality risk factors. Conclusion: Despite strong cross-sectional associations, resilience and SI appear to be unrelated in a longitudinal context, once risk/resilience factors are controlled for. As independent indicators of psychological well-being, suicidality and resilience are essential if current status is to be captured. However, the addition of other factors (e.g., support, mastery) makes this association tenuous. Consequently, resilience per se may not be protective of SI.

Protective Factors and Suicidality in Members of Arab Kindred

Crisis ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami Hamdan ◽  
Nadine Melhem ◽  
Israel Orbach ◽  
Ilana Farbstein ◽  
Mohammad El-Haib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Suicidal Risk ◽  
Arab Population ◽  
Psychiatric Interview ◽  
History Of

Background: Relatively little is known about the role of protective factors in an Arab population in the presence of suicidal risk factors. Aims: To examine the role of protective factors in a subsample of in large Arab Kindred participants in the presence of suicidal risk factors. Methods: We assessed protective and risk factors in a sample of 64 participants (16 suicidal and 48 nonsuicidal) between 15 and 55 years of age, using a comprehensive structured psychiatric interview, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), self-reported depression, anxiety, hopelessness, impulsivity, hostility, and suicidal behavior in first-degree and second-relatives. We also used the Religiosity Questionnaire and suicide attitude (SUIATT) and multidimensional perceived support scale. Results: Suicidal as opposed to nonsuicidal participants were more likely to have a lifetime history of major depressive disorder (MDD) (68.8% vs. 22.9% χ2 = 11.17, p = .001), an anxiety disorder (87.5% vs. 22.9, χ2 = 21.02, p < .001), or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (25% vs. 0.0%, Fisher’s, p = .003). Individuals who are otherwise at high risk for suicidality have a much lower risk when they experience higher perceived social support (3.31 ± 1.36 vs. 4.96 ± 1.40, t = 4.10, df = 62, p < .001), and they have the view that suicide is somehow unacceptable (1.83 ± .10 vs. 1.89 ± .07, t = 2.76, df = 60, p = .008). Conclusions: Taken together with other studies, these data suggest that the augmentation of protective factors could play a very important role in the prevention of incidental and recurrent suicidal behavior in Arab populations, where suicidal behavior in increasing rapidly.

The pathway to special education: The role of early risk factors in disability identification

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney A. Leboeuf ◽  
Benjamin Brumley ◽  
John W. Fantuzzo ◽  
Cody A. Hostutler
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Special Education ◽  
Early Risk ◽  
Early Risk Factors ◽  
Disability Identification
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