Identifikasi Ketunaan Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus dengan Algoritma Iterative Dichotomiser 3 (ID3)

Disability Identification of Children with Special Needs Using An Iterative Dichotomiser 3 Algorithm (ID3). By using the identification of children with special needs, information about children having abnormalities will be collected, and the results are used as the basis for preparing the child's learning program. Identifying disabilities process requires instruments classifying the issues and the disorders. The current disability identification process is extremely complicated, where the average number of instruments made by schools/institutions is 100 pieces. The complexity can also be observed in the presence of similar items as well as some of the same items on different disabilities. The process can be accelerated by doing data mining. One of its models is Iterative Dichotomiser (ID3) that can solve problems by generating a decision tree. This research implemented ID3 model to 152 symptoms as attribute, 11 labels, and 84 data. This model had 91.81% accuracy with cross-validation test. Decision tree generated by this model can make disabilities identification easier. Keywords: Children with Special Needs, Identification, Iterative Dichotomiser (ID3)Abstrak. Dengan adanya Identifikasi Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus akan terhimpun informasi apakah seorang anak mempunyai kelainan kemudian hasilnya dijadikan dasar penyusunan program pembelajaran anak tersebut. Proses identifikasi ketunaan memerlukan instrumen-instrumen dimana dari instrumen tersebut dapat diklasifikasikan sehingga dapat diketahui kecenderungan dari penyimpangan atau kelainan yang dimiliki. Proses identifikasi ketunaan saat ini sangat rumit dimana ratarata jumlah butir instrumen yang dibuat sekolah/lembaga sebanyak 100 buah. Kerumitan juga dapat dilihat dengan adanya butir yang mirip pada ketunaan yang berbeda. Proses ini dapat dipermudah dengan melakukan data mining. Salah satu modelnya adalah Iterative Dichotomiser 3(ID3) yang dapat menyelesaikan masalah dengan menghasilkan pohon keputusan. Dari total instrumen sebanyak 152 Gejala dan data set identifikasi sebanyak 84 ABK, dihasilkan node dari pohon keputusan sebanyak 11 rule. Klasifikasi metode ID3 telah diuji dengan cross-validation dan mendapatkan akurasi sebesar 91.81%. Hasil Pohon keputusan dari metode ID3 memudahkan dalam memprediksi identifikasi ketunaan pada ABK.Kata Kunci: Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus, Identifikasi, Iterative Dichotomiser (ID3)

Combining Child Functioning Data with Learning and Support Needs Data to Create Disability-Identification Algorithms in Fiji’s Education Management Information System

Disability disaggregation of Fiji’s Education Management Information System (FEMIS) is required to determine eligibility for inclusive education grants. Data from the UNICEF/Washington Group Child Functioning Module (CFM) alone is not accurate enough to identify disabilities for this purpose. This study explores whether combining activity and participation data from the CFM with data on environmental factors specific to learning and support needs (LSN) more accurately identifies children with disabilities. A survey on questions related to children’s LSN (personal assistance, adaptations to learning, or assessment and assistive technology) was administered to teachers within a broader diagnostic accuracy study. Descriptive statistics and correlations were used to analyze relationships between functioning and LSN. While CFM data are useful in distinguishing between disability domains, LSN data are useful in strengthening the accuracy of disability severity data and, crucially, in identifying which children have disability amongst those reported as having some difficulty on the CFM. Combining activity and participation data from the CFM with environmental factors data through algorithms may increase the accuracy of domain-specific disability identification. Amongst children reported as having some difficulty on the CFM, those with disabilities are effectively identified through the addition of LSN data.

263Disability and inequality on the social determinants of health: data, data gaps, and policy implications

Focus of Presentation People with disability experience inequality in relation to social determinants of health such as employment, education and housing. Under the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Australia must collect data to assess fulfilment of its Convention obligations and to identify and address barriers faced by people with disability in exercising their rights. The objective of our research was to determine the extent to which such data are currently available. Findings With input from people with disability, we developed a monitoring framework and indicators to measure inequalities between Australians with and without disability in relation to social determinants of health. National data sources that included a disability identifier were available to report on 73% of the 128 indicators. For example, in the domain ‘Employment’, national data were available for indicators of labour force status, long-term unemployment, leave entitlements, and employment in high-skill jobs. Data were not available for the following indicators: under-employment, access to job design modifications, and disability-related discrimination in the workplace. Conclusions/Implications It is currently not possible to quantify inequalities between Australians with and without disability, track change over time, or identify factors that can inform effective policy responses for indicators where we lack national data that include a disability identifier. Key messages Addressing data gaps, including by facilitating disability identification in existing data collections, is essential for tackling disability-related inequalities on social determinants of health and meeting our obligations under the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

Crip Theory

Crip theory began to flourish in the interdisciplinary fields of disability studies and queer theory in the early decades of the 21st century. These fields attend to the complex workings of power and normalization in contemporary cultures, particularly to how institutions of modernity have materialized and sedimented a distinction between “normal” and “abnormal” and to how subjects deemed “abnormal” have contested such ideas. Disability studies pluralizes models for thinking about disability: if a culture of normalization reduces disability to lack or loss and positions disability as always in need of cure, disability studies challenges the singularity of this medical model. Disability studies scholars examine how able-bodied ideologies emerge in and through representation, and how such representations result in a culture of ableism that invalidates disabled experiences. Crip theory, in turn, emerged as a particular mode of doing disability studies, deeply in conversation with queer theory. The pride and defiance of queer culture, with its active reclamation or reinvention of language meant to wound, are matched by the pride and defiance of crip culture. Crip theory, however, is generatively paradoxical, working with and against identity and identification simultaneously. Crip theory affirms lived, embodied experiences of disability and the knowledges (or cripistemologies) that emerge from such experiences; at the same time, it is critical of the ways in which certain identities materialize and become representative to the exclusion of others that may not fit neatly within dominant vocabularies of disability. Many works in crip theory focus on the supposed margins of disability identification as well as on the intersections where gender, race, sexuality, and disability come together. Crip theory, additionally, offers an analytic that can be used for thinking about contexts or historical periods that do not seem on the surface to be about disability at all. Cripping offers a critical process, considering how certain bodily or mental experiences, in whatever location or period, have been marginalized or invisibilized, made pathological or deviant. Within queer theory, crip theory thus perhaps has its deepest affinity with queer of color critique, with its attention not just to substantive identities but also to processes of racialization and gendering that pathologize or make aberrant particular groups. Queer theory, queer of color critique, and crip theory, moreover, often combine studies that focus on a macrolevel recognition of the complex workings of political economy (neoliberal capitalism, in particular) and the seemingly microlevel vicissitudes of identity, embodiment, or desire.

Counting Differently: Assessing Mathematics Achievement in Signing Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children Through a Unique Lens

Limited studies exist that connect using signed language with mathematics performance in deaf and hard of hearing children. Here we examine 257 participants and compare their results on the NWEA MAP to their results on an assessment of ASL skills. We found that better ASL skills tended to result in better MAP performance. These results are moderated by factors such as age, gender, parental hearing status, and learning disability identification.

Unmeasured Confounding and Racial or Ethnic Disparities in Disability Identification

Students who are Black or Hispanic are now reported to be less likely to be identified as having disabilities than similarly situated students who are White. Although repeatedly replicated, this finding is often characterized as in error. I use a new statistical technique, the E-value, to quantify the likelihood that unmeasured confounding explains observed associations between race or ethnicity and disability identification. Results based on calculations across three population-based studies using extensive statistical controls suggest that unmeasured confounding is an unlikely explanation for the observed associations. Unmeasured confounding that would result in levels of overidentification consistent with federal law and regulation is especially unlikely.