Breast Milk Handling and Misadministration
Human milk is the preferred nutritional source for all newborns, including ill infants and premature neonates. The ability of a mother to provide milk for her infant may be hindered by maternal illness or poor milk production, and may be influenced by cultural expectations and personal preferences. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life. Infectious risks to the newborn from a single feeding of the wrong mother’s breast milk are not generally measurable; however, studies of viruses and bacteria potentially transmissible in human milk can be used to inform a rational approach when misadministration occurs. In healthcare settings, administration of breast milk to the incorrect infant is generally treated like a blood and body fluid exposures. This chapter reviews the pathogens that can be transmitted via breast milk and suggests approaches to prevent administration of expressed breast milk to the wrong infant. This chapter also provides guidance on managing a breast milk misadministration incident (disclosure; post-exposure testing of source and recipient).