Simple Method for Determining the Caloric and Fat Content of Human Milk

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 626-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Lemons ◽  
Richard L. Schreiner ◽  
Edwin L. Gresham
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Expressed Breast Milk ◽  
The World ◽  
Nutritional Needs ◽  
Preterm Babies

The Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics has recently advocated breast-feeding for the normal, full-term newborn, unless contraindicated for specific reasons (including a desire by the mother not to breast-feed) or when breast-feeding is unsuccessful.1 This recommendation reflects the renewed interest throughout the world in providing human milk to the healthy infant. Further, expressed breast milk (either from the infant's mother or from donors) is being fed with increased frequency to the preterm or sick infant.2,3 The adequacy of human milk to meet the nutritional needs of all preterm babies has not been documented, however, as recently reviewed by Fleischman and Finberg.4

Drugs and Breast Milk

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-148
Author(s):  
JOAN S. DORFMAN
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
American Academy ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Maternal Medication ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Nonnarcotic Analgesics

To the Editor.— I have just reviewed the the article, "Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk," from the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs, which appeared in the November issue of Pediatrics.1 I would appreciate further information on a change that has appeared since the previous publication in the September, 1983 issue of Pediatrics.2 Naproxen has been deleted from the current table of maternal medication usually compatible with breast-feeding under the category "narcotics, nonnarcotic analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents."

Formula and complementary feeding

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Mark Beattie ◽  
Anil Dhawan ◽  
John W.L. Puntis
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Formula Milk ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Bacterial Proliferation ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Expressed Breast Milk ◽  
P Type

Bottle-feeding 32Type of formula feed 33Complementary feeding 34Although the WHO recommends exclusive breast-feeding for 6 months and partial breast-feeding thereafter, it was recognized that some mothers would be unable, or would choose not to breast-feed, and that these mothers also deserved support to optimize their infant's nutrition. It is important that formula feeds are made up according to instructions and that both formula milk and expressed breast milk is handled in a way that minimizes the risk of bacterial proliferation in the feed. Some simple guidelines are given below: ...

Breast Milk Handling and Misadministration

2019 ◽  
pp. 173-186
Author(s):  
Donna Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
American Academy ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Maternal Illness ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Expressed Breast Milk ◽  
Exposure Testing

Human milk is the preferred nutritional source for all newborns, including ill infants and premature neonates. The ability of a mother to provide milk for her infant may be hindered by maternal illness or poor milk production, and may be influenced by cultural expectations and personal preferences. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life. Infectious risks to the newborn from a single feeding of the wrong mother’s breast milk are not generally measurable; however, studies of viruses and bacteria potentially transmissible in human milk can be used to inform a rational approach when misadministration occurs. In healthcare settings, administration of breast milk to the incorrect infant is generally treated like a blood and body fluid exposures. This chapter reviews the pathogens that can be transmitted via breast milk and suggests approaches to prevent administration of expressed breast milk to the wrong infant. This chapter also provides guidance on managing a breast milk misadministration incident (disclosure; post-exposure testing of source and recipient).

Breastfeeding Pattern and its Associated Factors Among Mothers Working at Two Hospitals in Kathmandu

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Srijana Basnet ◽  
Merina Shrestha ◽  
Tulashi Adhikari ◽  
Aarati Shakya
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Normal Vaginal Delivery ◽  
Prelacteal Feeding ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Expressed Breast Milk ◽  
Initiation Of Breastfeeding

Introduction: Breastfeeding practices of women working at the hospital are likely to be modified by the facilities and support that they receive at the hospital. This study was done to evaluate the breast feeding practices and to analyse important factors that are associated with exclusive breast feeding till six months among women working at hospitals in Kathmandu, Nepal Methods: A total of 110 women, with a young child between the ages of six months and two years were recruited from two hospitals in Kathmandu. A predesigned structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Results: The mean age of the mothers was 29.85 ± 3.68 years. Ninety seven (88.2%) women were aware about initiation of breastfeeding within first hour of birth but only 64 (58.2%) women could practice it. Most women 100 (90.9%) were aware about exclusive breastfeeding but only 18 (16.3%) could practice exclusive breastfeeding till six months.  Mean duration of exclusive breastfeeding was 2.86 ± 2.00 months and 20 (18.2%) mothers practiced mixed feeding since birth. The participants whose babies had prelacteal feeding had significantly shorter duration of mean exclusive breast feed {1.92 ± 2.18 (S.D)} compared to those who did not have prelacteal feed {3.33 ± 1.74 (S.D)}  (p = 0.001). Those who delivered by normal vaginal delivery, initiated breastfeeding within first hour of delivery, expressed breast milk and got feeding breaks were associated with longer duration of mean exclusive breast feed. Conclusion: The breast feeding practices among working women at hospital is quite low compared to national statistics on IYCF. Breast milk expression and feeding breaks for lactating working women could improve feeding practices.

Drugs and Breast Milk

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-148
Author(s):  
JACK NEWMAN
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
American Academy ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics

To the Editor.— The American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs has performed an invaluable service in publishing and updating the "Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals into Human Milk."1 This service is one for which we who try to advise breast-feeding women can only be grateful. Although there are some medications about which not everyone would agree, I was shocked to find that nicotine (smoking) was included in Table 2 (Drugs of Abuse That Are Contraindicated During Breast-feeding).

scholarly journals Efforts to increase knowledge of mother toddlers about complementary foods to breastfeeding in Mapane Village, Poso, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 701-706
Author(s):  
Ida Nuraidah ◽  
Fransisca Noya ◽  
Nilda Yulita Siregar ◽  
Sony Bernike Magdalena Sitorus ◽  
Christina Entoh
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Complementary Foods ◽  
Under Five ◽  
The World ◽  
Who Standards ◽  
Nutritional Needs

The nutritional needs of infants 6-24 months can be met by providing complementary foods with breast milk (MP-ASI). One of the causes of the increasing incidence of malnutrition at 12 to 24 months of age in the world and in Indonesia is the provision of complementary foods that are not in accordance with WHO standards. The purpose of this activity is to increase the knowledge of mothers about complementary foods. This activity was held in Mapane Village on November 7, 2020. The target of this activity is 5 mothers of toddlers. The method of this activity was distributing pre-test questionnaires to participants, distributing leaflets then conducting counseling, and evaluating activities through post-tests. The results of the counseling obtained an increase in the knowledge of mothers under five about complementary foods. The average of knowledge before extension was 74% and the average after extension was 96%. The results of this service recommend that village midwives in Mapane Village be able to provide continuous counseling at each posyandu

Executive Summary

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-583
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Maternal Employment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Attitudinal Factors ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Breast Fed

Domestic Although the rate of breast-feeding is increasing in the United States, it appears that the rate of increase has been much slower among less well educated and economically disadvantaged women. Relatively little is known about the behavioral and attitudinal factors that affect the decisions to breast-feed or to stop if already breast-feeding. Breast-feeding does appear to decrease an infant's risk of gastrointestinal infection and otitis media. The effect of method of infant feeding on risk of other infections and allergic illness is less certain. International The rate of breast-feeding in developing countries appears to have declined, especially among urban women. Although some sociodemographic correlates of infant-feeding choice have been examined, little is known about the behavioral and attitudinal factors that influence choice and duration of infant-feeding practices. Milk insufficiency, maternal employment, and pregnancy frequently are given as reasons for terminating breast-feeding. Rates of gastrointestinal illness are lower among breast-fed infants and when such illness is an important cause of death, infant mortality from this cause appears to be reduced. A randomized clinical trial carried out among high-risk infants found a significantly lower rate of infections among those given breast milk than those fed with infant formula. The evidence of the effect of breast-feeding on respiratory tract and other infections from other studies was less clear. Direct comparison of the growth of predominately breast-fed v artificially fed infants in the same populations from developing countries generally show faster growth for the breast-fed infants for the first 6 months of life. After 6 months, severe growth faltering occurs regardless of the method of feeding. In communities where the nutritional adequacy of supplementary foods is poor, breast milk is an extremely important, high-quality food during the second half of infancy and beyond.

Supporting Breast-Feeding

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-63
Author(s):  
Sidney R. Kemberling
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Elderly Woman ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Simple Solution ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Spanish Family ◽  
Good Nutrition

For those interested in another approach to breast-feeding, Jelliffe and Jelliffe have recently published an elegant paper titled " Breast Is Best."4 Developing skills that enhance breast-feeding can be learned by reading the books listed at the end of this article. If pediatricians want to be strong advocates of breast-feeding, they must be convinced of the advantages of breast milk. Many physicians say that they support breast-feeding but will, for instance, send formula bottles to the bedside of a breast-feeding mother. The antagonistic physician or member of the office team may make remarks such as "Are you going to breast-feed until your child goes to school?" " Are you still breast-feeding?" or " The baby needs solid foods for good nutrition." These innuendos can defeat and demoralize the breast-feeding mother. Unless the physician provides strong support against these remarks, the mother will lose her confidence. Many husbands who are advocates of breast-feeding will defend her against these discouraging remarks. Group sessions of lactating mothers also bolster morale. Many mothers find duenna substitutes whom they can communicate with by telephone. (A duenna is an elderly woman who has charge of young unmarried women in a Spanish family.) However, when breast-feeding mothers confront a serious problem for which they have no simple solution, the pediatrician has to provide the ultimate backup support.

scholarly journals Consumption of breast milk, formula and other non-human milk by children aged under 2 years: analysis of eighty-six low- and middle-income countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Paulo AR Neves ◽  
Aluísio JD Barros ◽  
Phillip Baker ◽  
Ellen Piwoz ◽  
Thiago M Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Low And Middle Income ◽  
Economic Inequalities

Abstract Objective: To investigate the prevalence and socio-economic inequalities in breast milk, breast milk substitutes (BMS) and other non-human milk consumption, by children under 2 years in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Design: We analysed the prevalence of continued breast-feeding at 1 and 2 years and frequency of formula and other non-human milk consumption by age in months. Indicators were estimated through 24-h dietary recall. Absolute and relative wealth indicators were used to describe within- and between-country socio-economic inequalities. Setting: Nationally representative surveys from 2010 onwards from eighty-six LMIC. Participants: 394 977 children aged under 2 years. Results: Breast-feeding declined sharply as children became older in all LMIC, especially in upper-middle-income countries. BMS consumption peaked at 6 months of age in low/lower-middle-income countries and at around 12 months in upper-middle-income countries. Irrespective of country, BMS consumption was higher in children from wealthier families, and breast-feeding in children from poorer families. Multilevel linear regression analysis showed that BMS consumption was positively associated with absolute income, and breast-feeding negatively associated. Findings for other non-human milk consumption were less straightforward. Unmeasured factors at country level explained a substantial proportion of overall variability in BMS consumption and breast-feeding. Conclusions: Breast-feeding falls sharply as children become older, especially in wealthier families in upper-middle-income countries; this same group also consumes more BMS at any age. Country-level factors play an important role in explaining BMS consumption by all family wealth groups, suggesting that BMS marketing at national level might be partly responsible for the observed differences.

scholarly journals Assessment of Knowledge and Practice about Self Expressed Breast Milk among Saudi Mothers in Jazan Region, KSA, 2016

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Karimah Mohammad Qutah ◽  
Safar A. Alsaleem ◽  
Abdullah Ahmed Najmi ◽  
Muteb Bawwah Zabbani
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Knowledge Level ◽  
Expressed Breast Milk ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge And Practice

Aim: To assess mother's knowledge and attitude regarding self-expressed milk in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: Study Area: An observational and cross sectional study done in Obstetric Department (Well Baby and immunization Clinics) in King Fahd Central Hospital (KFCH), Jazan, Saudi Arabia and in six PHCCs in Jazan (randomly selected) from  December 2016 - March 2017.  Pregnant women who delivered babies before and post-partum women in Obstetric departments, Obstetric outpatient clinic, mother’s in well baby, and immunization clinics in mentioned areas were included in the study. Stratified multistage sampling techniques were used.  N = 499 Saudi mothers calculated according to survey system with confidence level % 95.  The questionnaire was self-administering questionnaire (in Arabic language).  All data processed via Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19. Shapiro-Wilk test. Kruskal-Wallis test used to see the association between level of knowledge and practice with demographic variables that contains more than 2 variables. Mann-Whitney test and Spearman correlation were used. Results: Total of 499 mothers was participating aged 30±7 years with mean number of kids 2.98 ± 2. Mothers heard about self-expressed breast milks accounts 73.5% and 236 mothers of them were practice it. Both level of knowledge and practice accuracy were inadequate. Around one third of mothers heard about it from social media. More than third of the women practice it because of work related issues. The higher the educational level was the higher knowledge (p<0.001). Age and number of kids, has no statistically significant effect on the knowledge level (P = 0.417, 0.285).  Working mothers have higher knowledge level than house wife and students (p<0.001), nurses especially who toke breast feeding teaching have higher knowledge level than physicians then teachers (p<0.001). Mothers who toke their knowledge from breast feeding courses have the highest knowledge level followed by medical stuffs other than physicians followed by social media and internet websites then physicians then mothers and last are friends (p<0.001). Mothers with more accurate practice were more knowledgeable than mothers with less accurate practices (p<0.001). Conclusion: Mothers knowledge and practice regarding self-expressed breast milk needed to be improved in order to give the babies better chance for exclusive breast feeding. Breast feeding courses for mothers give better results in term of accuracy of mother’s knowledge and practice of expressed breast milk.

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