Atypicals

2021 ◽  
pp. 275-298
Author(s):  
Edward Shorter
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Significant Side Effect ◽  
Scientific Paradigm

“Major depression,” a non-existent disease, was the barrier to the development of new drugs for mood disorders, while “schizophrenia” was the stumbling block for the development of new drugs for disabling disorders of connectivity and mobilization. Psychopharmacology failed as a scientific paradigm when depression and schizophrenia became pipelines for billions of dollars in profit for the pharmaceutical industry. Also, antipsychotics like Smith Kline’s chlorpromazine, which marketed in the United States in 1954, caused movement disorders as a significant side effect. Finally, the real story of the atypicals shows how psychopharmacology was downgraded through the conversion of science into commerce. Clozapine, the first of the true atypical antipsychotics, turned out to be the most effective and the most dangerous.

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Associated with Escitalopram Therapy

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 429-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjali Nirmalani ◽  
Saundra L. Stock ◽  
Glenn Catalano
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
The United States ◽  
Side Effect Profile ◽  
Significant Side Effect ◽  
Risk Patients

ABSTRACTEscitalopram is the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) most recently approved for use in the United States. It is structurally related to citalopram, but is felt to have a more tolerable side-effect profile than its parent compound. Side effects are not generally serious and include headache, diarrhea, and nausea. While hyponatremia and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) have been associated with treatment with other SSRIs, there has only been one case of escitalopram-induced SIADH reported in the literature to date. We now report another case of a patient who developed SIADH after being treated with escitalopram for 4 weeks. The patient's hyponatremia improved following the discontinuation of escitalopram. Clinicians should be aware of this uncommon but significant side effect of SSRIs and monitor high-risk patients for the development of SIADH.

Fake Pharmaceuticals: How They and Relevant Legislation or Lack Thereof Contribute to Consistently High and Increasing Drug Prices

2003 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-542
Author(s):  
Merri C. Moken
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals ◽  
New Applications

The use of pharmaceutical products in the United States has increased more than the use of any other health resource from 1960 to 1990. In excess of 9,600 drugs were on the market in 1984, and the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approves approximately 30 new drugs and countless new applications for alterations of already existing drugs each year. In 2001, the $300 billion pharmaceutical industry sold $154 billion worth of prescription drugs in the United States alone, nearly doubling its $78.9 billion in sales in 1997. With such a rapid increase in market domination and expenditures, the U.S. government and many hospitals have focused their attention on the sales and pricing practices of pharmaceutical companies, as well as other potential factors contributing to these escalating prices. One such cause of the steadily increasing prices of brand name pharmaceuticals is the sale of fake or counterfeit pharmaceuticals (also called “look-alike” drugs).

scholarly journals Shifting from Village-Based Networks to Locally Generated Networks: Undocumented Mexican Agricultural Workers Who Use/Used Hard Drugs

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Keith V. Bletzer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Border Crossing ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Agricultural Workers ◽  
Economic Success ◽  
Childhood Difficulties ◽  
Hard Drugs

Hardships that face transmigrants working in agriculture include the potential for drug use. Reliant on village-based networks that facilitate border crossing and developing a plan for a destination within this country, transmigrants who try new drugs/alcohol and/or continue on accustomed drugs/alcohol are facilitated in these endeavors through locally generated networks as alternative forms of access and support. Seven cases of undocumented men from Mexico are reviewed to show how use of illicit drugs is minimally affected by economic success and time in the United States, or village-based networks that first facilitated entry into this country. Prior conditions, especially childhood difficulties and search for socioeconomic autonomy, precipitate new and/or continuing drug use within the United States on this side of the border, where both forms of drug use are facilitated by locally generated networks.

Pharmaceutical Innovation in the United States: Factors Affecting Future Performance

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Pollard
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Cost Containment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Performance ◽  
Regulatory Strategy

AbstractFueled by high returns on its investments, the pharmaceutical industry in the United States has flourished for the past 50 years. The regulatory strategy of demanding stringent testing then allowing market-based pricing has allowed private companies to fund ambitious research and development activities with the assurance that these investments will be recovered. However, aggressive managed-care cost-containment strategies threaten the companies' ability to recoup research and development expenses and may affect their willingness to invest in future innovative research.

scholarly journals Rhabdomyolysis in a Hospitalized 16-Year-Old Boy: A Rarely Reported Underlying Cause

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rishika Singh ◽  
Dilip R. Patel ◽  
Sherry Pejka
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Case Diagnosis ◽  
Multiple Causes

Rhabdomyolysis can occur because of multiple causes and account for 7% of all cases of acute kidney injury annually in the United States. Identification of specific cause can be difficult in many cases where multiple factors could potentially cause rhabdomyolysis. We present a case of 16-year-old male who had seizures and was given levetiracetam that resulted in rhabdomyolysis. This side effect has been rarely reported previously and like in our case diagnosis may be delayed.

scholarly journals Effects of Side-Effect Risk Framing Strategies on COVID-19 Vaccine Intentions in the United States and the United Kingdom: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikkil Sudharsanan ◽  
Caterina Favaretti ◽  
Violetta Hachaturyan ◽  
Till Baernighausen ◽  
Alain Vandormael
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
The United States ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Framing Strategies

Vaccination rates have stagnated in the United States and the United Kingdom leading to the continuing spread of COVID-19. Fear and concern over vaccine side-effects is one of the main drivers of hesitancy. Drawing from behavioral science and health communication theory, we conducted a randomized controlled trial among 8998 adults to determine whether the way COVID-19 vaccine side-effects are framed and presented to individuals can influence their willingness to take a vaccine. We presented participants information on a hypothetical future COVID-19 vaccine -- including information on its side-effect rate -- and then examined the effect of three side-effect framing strategies on individuals stated willingness to take this vaccine: adding a qualitative risk label next to the numerical risk, adding comparison risks, and for those presented with comparisons, framing the comparison in relative rather than absolute terms. Based on a pre-registered and published analysis plan, we found that adding a simple descriptive risk label (very low risk) next to the numerical side-effect increased participants' willingness to take the COVID-19 vaccine by 3.0 percentage points (p = 0.003). Providing a comparison to motor vehicle mortality increased COVID-19 vaccine willingness by 2.4 percentage points (p = 0.051). These effects were independent and additive: participants that received both a qualitative risk label and comparison to motor-vehicle mortality were 6.1 percentage points (p < 0.001) more likely to report willingness to take a vaccine compared to those who did not receive a label or comparison. Taken together, our results reveal that despite increasingly strong vaccination hesitancy and exposure to large amounts of vaccine misinformation, low-cost side-effect framing strategies can meaningfully affect vaccination intentions at a population level.

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