Gender dysphoria

2020 ◽  
pp. 1191-1198
Author(s):  
Els Elaut ◽  
Gunter Heylens
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Psychiatric Problems

Gender dysphoria (GD) refers to persistent discomfort stemming from an incongruence between assigned and experienced gender, as stipulated in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5). Estimates of prevalence state 4.6 in 100,000 individuals suffer from GD, although referrals to gender clinics worldwide are rising. While GD often co-occurs with affective disorders, severe psychiatric problems, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, are not more prevalent. GD is the result of a complex interaction between multiple genetic and environmental factors, and the exact aetiological mechanisms are largely unknown. Clinical management of adolescents, but especially children, with GD solicits a different approach from management of GD in adults. After gender-confirming treatment, most report significant improvement in GD, psychological symptoms, quality of life, and sexual function. While guidelines for treatment have been outlined, clinical practice will evolve significantly in the light of increasing diversity of treatment requests and greater client autonomy.

Gender Dysphoria

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lancer Naghdechi ◽  
Atef Bakhoum ◽  
Waguih William IsHak
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Gender Identity Disorder ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Sexual Reassignment Surgery

In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), gender dysphoria (GD), previously known as gender identity disorder, is defined as distress or impairment in psychosocial, occupational, educational, or other areas of life due to a perceived disagreement between a person’s assigned gender, natal gender, and the gender currently experienced or expressed for at least 6 months. The DSM-5 mentions that one’s experienced gender may be outside of binary gender stereotypes. Diagnostic criteria are different for GD in children and in adolescents/adults. This review covers the definition, epidemiology, etiology/genetics, clinical manifestations, and studies/tests/treatments related to GD. Tables list the diagnostic criteria for GD and definitions of common terms. This review contains 2 tables and 30 references Key words: DSM-5, gender dysphoria, sexual reassignment surgery

A Critique of “Gender Dysphoria” in DSM-5

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Edward J. Furton ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Gender Identity Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Treatment ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Complete Reversal ◽  
Opposite Sex

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is the guidebook for psychiatric practice in medicine. In the fifth edition (DSM-5), published in 2013, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) significantly revised the section on gender identity disorder, which it renamed gender dysphoria. In previous editions, the conviction that one’s sex did not match one’s gender was treated as a mental disorder in need of psychiatric treatment. In DSM-5, the remedy for that same conviction was changed to hormonal and surgical procedures to give the patient the appearance of the opposite sex. A complete reversal of this sort is surprising, as it implies that all previous guidance on this question was in error. The change is even more perplexing given that little evidence shows that hormonal or surgical interventions actually improve the psychological health of the sufferer.

Epidemiology of gender dysphoria and transgender identity

Sexual Health ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Zucker
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Transgender Identity ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
The Past ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
The Stability

This review provides an update on the epidemiology of gender dysphoria and transgender identity in children, adolescents and adults. Although the prevalence of gender dysphoria, as it is operationalised in the fifth edtion of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), remains a relatively ‘rare’ or ‘uncommon’ diagnosis, there is evidence that it has increased in the past couple of decades, perhaps reflected in the large increase in referral rates to specialised gender identity clinics. In childhood, the sex ratio continues to favour birth-assigned males, but in adolescents, there has been a recent inversion in the sex ratio from one favouring birth-assigned males to one favouring birth-assigned females. In both adolescents and adults, patterns of sexual orientation vary as a function of birth-assigned sex. Recent studies suggest that the prevalence of a self-reported transgender identity in children, adolescents and adults ranges from 0.5 to 1.3%, markedly higher than prevalence rates based on clinic-referred samples of adults. The stability of a self-reported transgender identity or a gender identity that departs from the traditional male–female binary among non-clinic-based populations remains unknown and requires further study.

Assessing the Validity of the Age at Onset Criterion for Diagnosing ADHD in DSM-5

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanel Chandra ◽  
Joseph Biederman ◽  
Stephen V. Faraone
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Social Adjustment ◽  
Psychiatric Comorbidity ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Familial Transmission ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5

Objective: Research about Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) age of onset criterion for ADHD led to increasing that criterion to 12 in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5). Although an improvement from the previous age at onset of 7, whether this new criterion is adequate to capture all cases with ADHD remains uncertain. Method: We compared three groups of adults: (a) ADHD participants who met all DSM-5 criteria for ADHD ( n = 182), (b) late-onset ADHD participants who met all criteria except for later age at onset ( n = 17), and (c) non-ADHD participants who did not meet criteria for ADHD ( n = 117). We assessed patterns of symptoms, psychiatric comorbidity, functional impairment, familial transmission, quality of life, social adjustment, and intelligence. Results: Compared with non-ADHD participants, all ADHD groups had poorer quality of life and had more impaired social adjustment. Compared with each other, the ADHD groups had similar patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, functional impairment, familial transmission, and intelligence. Conclusion: When assessing adult ADHD, self-reported onsets of ADHD after 12 years of age may be warranted.

scholarly journals An insider’s view of the new diagnostic and statistical manual of North American psychiatry (DSM-5)

2013 ◽  
pp. 129-131
Author(s):  
Javier I. Escobar
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
American Psychiatry ◽  
Clinical Complexity ◽  
The Moment

The relevance/ and visibility of psychiatric disorders within the realm of medicine has significantly increased in recent times, possibly due to their high frequency and the negative impact they have on cost, disability and quality of life. The subjective nature of these disorders, their clinical complexity and the absence of reliable markers, keep us completely dependent on anamnesis and clinical examination. All of this, forces us, periodically, to review and refine diagnostic systems, hoping to improve the recognition and effective management of mental disorders. The scientific progress in basic neuroscience, observed during and following the “decade of the brain”, coupled with a lack of satisfaction with the existing system (DSM-IV) suggested it was the moment to embark in this task, hence the process leading to DSM-5.

scholarly journals Personality in a Hierarchical Model of Psychopathology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Widiger ◽  
Martin Sellbom ◽  
Michael Chmielewski ◽  
Lee Anna Clark ◽  
Colin G. DeYoung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Early Assessment ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Mental And Physical Health

The categorical model of classification in the American Psychiatric Association’s (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; APA, 2013) is sorely problematic. A proposed solution is emerging in the form of a quantitative nosology, an empirically based dimensional organization of psychopathology. More specifically, a team of investigators has proposed a Hierarchical Taxonomy Of Psychopathology (HiTOP; Kotov et al., 2017). The purpose of the current paper is to discuss the potential role, importance, and implications of personality within the HiTOP dimensional model of psychopathology. Suggested herein is that personality provides a foundational base for the HiTOP dimensional model of psychopathology. Implications concern the potential value of early assessment of and screening for personality as well as the development of protocols for the treatment of personality trait domains, which may in turn contribute to substantial improvements in quality of life, as well as mental and physical health.

Comparison of Alcohol Use Disorders in DSM and ICD

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-153
Author(s):  
Jessica W. M. Wong ◽  
Friedrich M. Wurst ◽  
Ulrich W. Preuss
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use Disorders ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Historical Developments

Abstract. Introduction: With advances in medicine, our understanding of diseases has deepened and diagnostic criteria have evolved. Currently, the most frequently used diagnostic systems are the ICD (International Classification of Diseases) and the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) to diagnose alcohol-related disorders. Results: In this narrative review, we follow the historical developments in ICD and DSM with their corresponding milestones reflecting the scientific research and medical considerations of their time. The current diagnostic concepts of DSM-5 and ICD-11 and their development are presented. Lastly, we compare these two diagnostic systems and evaluate their practicability in clinical use.

Angststörungen – von der ICD-10 zur ICD-11

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Timo D. Vloet ◽  
Marcel Romanos
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
International Classification ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Icd 10

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Nach 12 Jahren Entwicklung wird die 11. Version der International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) von der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) im Januar 2022 in Kraft treten. Methodik: Im Rahmen eines selektiven Übersichtsartikels werden die Veränderungen im Hinblick auf die Klassifikation von Angststörungen von der ICD-10 zur ICD-11 zusammenfassend dargestellt. Ergebnis: Die diagnostischen Kriterien der generalisierten Angststörung, Agoraphobie und spezifischen Phobien werden angepasst. Die ICD-11 wird auf Basis einer Lebenszeitachse neu organisiert, sodass die kindesaltersspezifischen Kategorien der ICD-10 aufgelöst werden. Die Trennungsangststörung und der selektive Mutismus werden damit den „regulären“ Angststörungen zugeordnet und können zukünftig auch im Erwachsenenalter diagnostiziert werden. Neu ist ebenso, dass verschiedene Symptomdimensionen der Angst ohne kategoriale Diagnose verschlüsselt werden können. Diskussion: Die Veränderungen im Bereich der Angsterkrankungen umfassen verschiedene Aspekte und sind in der Gesamtschau nicht unerheblich. Positiv zu bewerten ist die Einführung einer Lebenszeitachse und Parallelisierung mit dem Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Schlussfolgerungen: Die entwicklungsbezogene Neuorganisation in der ICD-11 wird auch eine verstärkte längsschnittliche Betrachtung von Angststörungen in der Klinik sowie Forschung zur Folge haben. Damit rückt insbesondere die Präventionsforschung weiter in den Fokus.

Diagnoses, Dimensions, and DSM-5

2010 ◽  
pp. 254-279
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Widiger ◽  
Maryanne Edmundson
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Dimensional Classification ◽  
Diagnosis And Classification

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition (DSM-III) is often said to have provided a significant paradigm shift in how psychopathology is diagnosed. The authors of DSM-5 have the empirical support and the opportunity to lead the field of psychiatry to a comparably bold new future in diagnosis and classification. The purpose of this chapter is to address the validity of the categorical and dimensional models for the classification and diagnosis of psychopathology. Considered in particular will be research concerning substance use disorders, mood disorders, and personality disorders. Limitations and concerns with respect to a dimensional classification of psychopathology are also considered. The chapter concludes with a recommendation for a conversion to a more quantitative, dimensional classification of psychopathology.

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