Epidemiology of gender dysphoria and transgender identity

Sexual Health ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Zucker
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Transgender Identity ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
The Past ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
The Stability

This review provides an update on the epidemiology of gender dysphoria and transgender identity in children, adolescents and adults. Although the prevalence of gender dysphoria, as it is operationalised in the fifth edtion of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), remains a relatively ‘rare’ or ‘uncommon’ diagnosis, there is evidence that it has increased in the past couple of decades, perhaps reflected in the large increase in referral rates to specialised gender identity clinics. In childhood, the sex ratio continues to favour birth-assigned males, but in adolescents, there has been a recent inversion in the sex ratio from one favouring birth-assigned males to one favouring birth-assigned females. In both adolescents and adults, patterns of sexual orientation vary as a function of birth-assigned sex. Recent studies suggest that the prevalence of a self-reported transgender identity in children, adolescents and adults ranges from 0.5 to 1.3%, markedly higher than prevalence rates based on clinic-referred samples of adults. The stability of a self-reported transgender identity or a gender identity that departs from the traditional male–female binary among non-clinic-based populations remains unknown and requires further study.

Gender Dysphoria

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lancer Naghdechi ◽  
Atef Bakhoum ◽  
Waguih William IsHak
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Gender Identity Disorder ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Sexual Reassignment Surgery

In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), gender dysphoria (GD), previously known as gender identity disorder, is defined as distress or impairment in psychosocial, occupational, educational, or other areas of life due to a perceived disagreement between a person’s assigned gender, natal gender, and the gender currently experienced or expressed for at least 6 months. The DSM-5 mentions that one’s experienced gender may be outside of binary gender stereotypes. Diagnostic criteria are different for GD in children and in adolescents/adults. This review covers the definition, epidemiology, etiology/genetics, clinical manifestations, and studies/tests/treatments related to GD. Tables list the diagnostic criteria for GD and definitions of common terms. This review contains 2 tables and 30 references Key words: DSM-5, gender dysphoria, sexual reassignment surgery

scholarly journals Maqam Sabar dalam Psikoterapi Pemulihan Pedofilia: Kajian Terhadap Qūt al-Qulūb Syeikh Abū Ṭālib Al-Makkī (W. 996 M)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 293-301
Author(s):  
Abur Hamdi Usman ◽  
Rosni Wazir ◽  
Syarul Azman Shaharuddin ◽  
Norsaleha Mohd Salleh ◽  
Mohd Norzi Nasir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Human Soul ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Crucial Element ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
The Past

Sheikh Abū Ṭālib al-Makkī was a scholar of Sufism respected in the Islamic world. His work, Qūt al-Qulūb, is a major source of reference to sages of the past and present. Many Islamic scholars use Maqamāt al-Aḥwāl's theory as a module and rehabilitation guideline for a number of diseases that affect the human soul. Paedophilia, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Disorder (DSM-5) falls into a category of mental disorders, with some experts considering paedophiles as being mentally insane. In this regard, the main objective of this study was to analyse the implementation of maqām al-ṣabr (stage of patience), according to al-Makkī, as a concept of paedophilia rehabilitation psychotherapy. Using qualitative methods, this study found maqām al-ṣabr to be a crucial element in the recovery from paedophilia. Therefore, this article hopes to integrate the elements of patiencee stage with rehabilitation psychotherapy to develop one of the best treatment modules in the rehabilitation of paedophilia in Malaysia.   ABSTRAK: Syeikh Abū Ṭālib al-Makkī merupakan ulama tasawuf yang disegani dunia Islam, malah karyanya Qūt al-Qulūb menjadi sumber utama golongan sufi mutaqaddimīn dan muta’akhkhirīn. Sebahagian besar sarjana Islam menggunakan teori maqamat al-Ahwal sebagai modul dan rehab untuk beberapa penyakit melibatkan kejiwaan manusia. Pedofilia pula menurut Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Disorder (DSM-5) termasuk dalam kategori gangguan mental, malah sebahagian pakar menganggap pedofil sebagai orang gila. Sehubungan dengan itu, objektif utama kajian ini untuk menganalisis implementasi maqam sabar menurut al-Makkī sebagai konsep psikoterapi pemulihan pedofilia. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif, kajian ini mendapati maqam sabar antara elemen penting dalam pemulihan pedofilia. Justeru artikel ini diharap dapat menyatupadukan elemen maqam sabar dan psikoterapi pemulihan, sekali gus menjadi satu modul rawatan yang terbaik dalam pemulihan ketagihan seksual golongan pedofilia di Malaysia.

Treatment of Internet Addiction

2019 ◽  
pp. 675-700
Author(s):  
Libi Shen
Keyword(s):  
Internet Addiction ◽  
American Psychiatric Association ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Information Communication ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mental And Physical Health

The birth of the Internet in 1969 has changed people's lives immensely in the past 48 years. Over the years, this invention has brought people connection, information, communication, business, entertainment, and so forth; however, researchers have found the impact of the Internet's byproduct, namely Internet addiction, in the past two decades as well. It was argued that Internet addiction might be detrimental to people's mental and physical health. The problem is that Internet addiction is not clearly defined, nor has it been included in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-5) by American Psychiatric Association. If the definition is not clear and the symptoms are varied, the treatment for Internet addiction would become an issue. In this chapter, the researcher will focus on different approaches to the treatment of Internet addiction based on research after reviewing the definitions, theories, causes, consequences, and symptoms of Internet addiction.

A Critique of “Gender Dysphoria” in DSM-5

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Edward J. Furton ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Gender Identity Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Treatment ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Complete Reversal ◽  
Opposite Sex

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is the guidebook for psychiatric practice in medicine. In the fifth edition (DSM-5), published in 2013, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) significantly revised the section on gender identity disorder, which it renamed gender dysphoria. In previous editions, the conviction that one’s sex did not match one’s gender was treated as a mental disorder in need of psychiatric treatment. In DSM-5, the remedy for that same conviction was changed to hormonal and surgical procedures to give the patient the appearance of the opposite sex. A complete reversal of this sort is surprising, as it implies that all previous guidance on this question was in error. The change is even more perplexing given that little evidence shows that hormonal or surgical interventions actually improve the psychological health of the sufferer.

Dependent Personality Disorder

2012 ◽  
pp. 504-526
Author(s):  
Robert F. Bornstein
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Dependent Personality Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dependent Personality ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Adolescents And Adults

Dependent personality disorder (DPD) diagnostic criteria have evolved considerably during the past 60 years, and researchers continue to explore the etiology and dynamics of problematic dependency in children, adolescents, and adults. This chapter reviews theoretical, clinical, and empirical writings on trait dependency and DPD. After tracing the evolution of DPD in successive editions of The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), I discuss epidemiology, differential diagnosis, and comorbidity. Following a brief review of widely used assessment tools, influential theoretical frameworks for conceptualizing dependency and DPD are examined, along with research relevant to each framework. Three contemporary DPD treatment approaches (psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive) are described, and current trends in dependency research are discussed. These include exploration of the factors that underlie gender differences in DPD, maladaptive and adaptive expressions of dependency, dependency and aging, implicit and self-attributed dependency, health consequences of dependency, the dependency-attachment relationship, and DPD in the DSM-5.

scholarly journals THE USE OF NONINVASIVE BRAIN STIMULATION TECHNIQUES TO MODULATE IMPULSIVITY

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
Laura Mauer ◽  
Cheng-Chang Yang ◽  
Najat Khalifa
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Acting Out ◽  
Antisocial Personality ◽  
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
The Past

Several of the disorders categorised in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) are marked by impulsivity, including borderline and antisocial personality disorders, attention deficit hy­peractivity disorder, conduct disorder and substance use disorders, just to name a few. The behavioural manifestations of impulsivity are numerous (e.g., su­icidality, reckless spending, criminality, acting out on positive or negative emotions), often with undesirable consequences for the individuals involved and others. The knowledge base in respect of the neurobiological underpinnings of impulsivity has expanded signifi­cantly over the past few decades, providing the im­petus to develop specific interventions to target im­pulsivity. Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques, such as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), have been used to modulate impulsivity with promising results. This article aims to provide a brief overview of the literature in the field before addressing the implications for future research and clinical practice.

Gender dysphoria

2020 ◽  
pp. 1191-1198
Author(s):  
Els Elaut ◽  
Gunter Heylens
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Psychiatric Problems

Gender dysphoria (GD) refers to persistent discomfort stemming from an incongruence between assigned and experienced gender, as stipulated in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5). Estimates of prevalence state 4.6 in 100,000 individuals suffer from GD, although referrals to gender clinics worldwide are rising. While GD often co-occurs with affective disorders, severe psychiatric problems, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, are not more prevalent. GD is the result of a complex interaction between multiple genetic and environmental factors, and the exact aetiological mechanisms are largely unknown. Clinical management of adolescents, but especially children, with GD solicits a different approach from management of GD in adults. After gender-confirming treatment, most report significant improvement in GD, psychological symptoms, quality of life, and sexual function. While guidelines for treatment have been outlined, clinical practice will evolve significantly in the light of increasing diversity of treatment requests and greater client autonomy.

Treatment of Internet Addiction

2018 ◽  
pp. 284-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Libi Shen
Keyword(s):  
Internet Addiction ◽  
American Psychiatric Association ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Information Communication ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mental And Physical Health

The birth of the Internet in 1969 has changed people's lives immensely in the past 48 years. Over the years, this invention has brought people connection, information, communication, business, entertainment, and so forth; however, researchers have found the impact of the Internet's byproduct, namely Internet addiction, in the past two decades as well. It was argued that Internet addiction might be detrimental to people's mental and physical health. The problem is that Internet addiction is not clearly defined, nor has it been included in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-5) by American Psychiatric Association. If the definition is not clear and the symptoms are varied, the treatment for Internet addiction would become an issue. In this chapter, the researcher will focus on different approaches to the treatment of Internet addiction based on research after reviewing the definitions, theories, causes, consequences, and symptoms of Internet addiction.

Comparison of Alcohol Use Disorders in DSM and ICD

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-153
Author(s):  
Jessica W. M. Wong ◽  
Friedrich M. Wurst ◽  
Ulrich W. Preuss
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use Disorders ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Historical Developments

Abstract. Introduction: With advances in medicine, our understanding of diseases has deepened and diagnostic criteria have evolved. Currently, the most frequently used diagnostic systems are the ICD (International Classification of Diseases) and the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) to diagnose alcohol-related disorders. Results: In this narrative review, we follow the historical developments in ICD and DSM with their corresponding milestones reflecting the scientific research and medical considerations of their time. The current diagnostic concepts of DSM-5 and ICD-11 and their development are presented. Lastly, we compare these two diagnostic systems and evaluate their practicability in clinical use.

Angststörungen – von der ICD-10 zur ICD-11

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Timo D. Vloet ◽  
Marcel Romanos
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
International Classification ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Icd 10

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Nach 12 Jahren Entwicklung wird die 11. Version der International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) von der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) im Januar 2022 in Kraft treten. Methodik: Im Rahmen eines selektiven Übersichtsartikels werden die Veränderungen im Hinblick auf die Klassifikation von Angststörungen von der ICD-10 zur ICD-11 zusammenfassend dargestellt. Ergebnis: Die diagnostischen Kriterien der generalisierten Angststörung, Agoraphobie und spezifischen Phobien werden angepasst. Die ICD-11 wird auf Basis einer Lebenszeitachse neu organisiert, sodass die kindesaltersspezifischen Kategorien der ICD-10 aufgelöst werden. Die Trennungsangststörung und der selektive Mutismus werden damit den „regulären“ Angststörungen zugeordnet und können zukünftig auch im Erwachsenenalter diagnostiziert werden. Neu ist ebenso, dass verschiedene Symptomdimensionen der Angst ohne kategoriale Diagnose verschlüsselt werden können. Diskussion: Die Veränderungen im Bereich der Angsterkrankungen umfassen verschiedene Aspekte und sind in der Gesamtschau nicht unerheblich. Positiv zu bewerten ist die Einführung einer Lebenszeitachse und Parallelisierung mit dem Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Schlussfolgerungen: Die entwicklungsbezogene Neuorganisation in der ICD-11 wird auch eine verstärkte längsschnittliche Betrachtung von Angststörungen in der Klinik sowie Forschung zur Folge haben. Damit rückt insbesondere die Präventionsforschung weiter in den Fokus.

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