The neck

2021 ◽  
pp. 157-230
Author(s):  
Daniel R. van Gijn ◽  
Jonathan Dunne
Keyword(s):  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
Upper Aerodigestive Tract ◽  
Thoracic Inlet ◽  
Posterior Neck ◽  
Inferior Border ◽  
Thoracic And Abdominal ◽  
Base Of The Skull

The neck occupies the space between the clavicles and thoracic inlet inferiorly, to the base of the skull and inferior border of the mandible superiorly. The cervical part of the vertebral column provides the support for the skull above and strength and movement to the neck proper. The anterior neck provides passage for the major neurovascular supply to and drainage from the head, neck and intracranial region, transmits the upper aerodigestive tract and houses the thyroid and parathyroid glands. In the posterior neck a large mass of extensor musculature is situated posterior to the cervical vertebrae. Cranial nerves nine through twelve descend into the neck: nine (glossopharyngeal) and twelve (hypoglossal) meander towards the oropharynx and tongue, respectively; cranial nerve eleven (accessory) deflects backwards to supply the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles whilst the tenth cranial nerve (vagus) wanders inferiorly within the carotid sheath between and posterior to the common carotid artery and internal jugular vein, before disappearing into the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

“Fibrous dysplasia” of the skull with complete unilateral cranial nerve involvement

1980 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 404-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Fernandez ◽  
Nicola Colavita ◽  
Massimo Moschini ◽  
Adriano Fileni
Keyword(s):  
Fibrous Dysplasia ◽  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Cranial Nerve Involvement ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Nerve Involvement ◽  
The Right ◽  
Base Of The Skull ◽  
Pathological Confirmation ◽  
Fine Print

✓ A 40-year-old man with a slowly progressive unilateral sclerotic process of the base of the skull developed complete involvement of all cranial nerves on the right. Roentgenograms of the skull are interpreted as fibrous dysplasia, but pathological confirmation is lacking.

scholarly journals Resection of a Lower Clival Meningioma via Posterolateral Approach: Two-Dimensional Operative Video

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pinar E. Ocak ◽  
Selcuk Yilmazlar
Keyword(s):  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Posterolateral Approach ◽  
Left Vertebral Artery ◽  
Posterior Arch ◽  
Upper Cervical Spine ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Lower Cranial Nerve ◽  
Complex Anatomy ◽  
Microsurgical Resection

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to demonstrate resection of a craniovertebral junction (CVJ) meningioma via the posterolateral approach. Design The study is designed with a two-dimensional operative video. Setting This study is conducted at department of neurosurgery in a university hospital. Participants A 50-year-old woman who presented with lower cranial nerve findings due to a left-sided lower clival meningioma (Fig. 1). Main Outcome Measures Microsurgical resection of the meningioma and preservation of the neurovascular structures. Results The patient was placed in park-bench position and a left-sided retrosigmoid suboccipital craniotomy, followed by C1 hemilaminectomy and unroofing the lip of the foramen magnum, was performed. The dural incision extended from the suboccipital region down to the posterior arch of C2 (Fig. 2). The arachnoid overlying the tumor was incised, revealing the course of the cranial nerve (CN) XI on the dorsolateral aspect of the tumor. The left vertebral artery (VA) was encased by the tumor which was originating from the dura below the jugular foramen. The mass was resected in a piecemeal fashion eventually. At the end of the procedure, all relevant cranial nerves and adjacent vascular structures were intact. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed total resection and the patient was discharged home on postoperative day 3 safely. Conclusions Microsurgical resection of the lesions of the CVJ are challenging as this transition zone between the cranium and upper cervical spine has a complex anatomy. Since adequate exposure of the extradural and intradural segments of the VA can be obtained by the posterolateral approach, this approach can be preferred in cases with tumors anterior to the VA or when the artery is encased by the tumor.The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/d3u5Qrc-zlM.

The So-Called Cavernous Sinus: A Review of the Controversy and Its Implications for Neurosurgeons

Neurosurgery ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 712-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Taptas
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Internal Carotid Artery ◽  
Cavernous Sinus ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Sella Turcica ◽  
Middle Cranial Fossa ◽  
Cranial Fossa ◽  
Base Of The Skull ◽  
Extradural Space

Abstract The so-called cavernous sinus is a venous pathway, an irregular network of veins that is part of the extradural venous network of the base of the skull, not a trabeculated venous channel. This venous pathway, the internal carotid artery, and the oculomotor cranial nerves cross the medial portion of the middle cranial fossa in an extradural space formed on each side of the sella turcica by the diverging aspects of a dural fold. In this space the venous pathway has only neighborhood relations with the internal carotid artery and the cranial nerves. The space itself must be distinguished from the vascular and nervous elements that it contains. The revision of the anatomy of this region has not only theoretical interest but also important clinical implications.

scholarly journals Intratumoral Bleeding in a Vestibular Schwannoma

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (01) ◽  
pp. 47-49
Author(s):  
Emanuelle Braga ◽  
Luiza Köhler ◽  
Marcelo de Cesaro ◽  
Tasso Barreto ◽  
Richard Giacomelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Cerebellopontine Angle ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Altered Consciousness ◽  
Progressive Hearing Loss ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Intratumoral Bleeding

AbstractVestibular schwannomas (VSs) account for ∼ 70% of all tumors of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA). Their clinical presentation is often insidious, with progressive hearing loss and involvement of other cranial nerves. Spontaneous hemorrhage in those tumors is very unusual, and generally presents with acute clinical features such as nausea, vomiting, headache and altered consciousness, usually with marked dysfunction of the cranial nerve involved, and with new deficits of neighboring cranial nerves. Asymptomatic patients are extremely rare. We present a case report of an incidental VS with asymptomatic bleeding, which evolved to death after surgery.

Isolated Congenital Absence of Cranial Nerves: Report of Two Cases

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (06) ◽  
pp. 405-407
Author(s):  
Vivek Agarwal ◽  
Sumeet Dhawan ◽  
Naveen Sankhyan ◽  
Sameer Vyas
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Rare Condition ◽  
Congenital Absence ◽  
The Third ◽  
Seventh Cranial Nerve ◽  
The Right

AbstractIsolated cranial nerve absence is a rare condition that can be diagnosed using high-resolution cranial nerve magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Thorough clinical examination with proper knowledge of the course of cranial nerves may help diagnose this rare condition. We describe two cases, one each of, isolated congenital absence of the third and seventh cranial nerve with their clinical presentation. High-resolution T2-weighted MR imaging was done in both patients which revealed absence of cisternal segment of the right-sided third nerve and cisternal with canalicular segment of the right-sided facial nerve.

scholarly journals EARLY MORPHOGENESIS OF VESSELS AND NERVES OF THE NECK

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 56-64
Author(s):  
L. Herasym ◽  
I. Tsumanets
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Internal Carotid Artery ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Carotid Artery Disease ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Acute Angle ◽  
Total Frequency ◽  
Artery Disease

Carotid artery disease leads to stroke in 30% of cases. The total frequency of carotid artery deformations varies from 10 to 40% depending on the results of angiographic and pathological examinations. Coiling of the internal carotid artery is associated with embryological pathology, and elongation and inflection are the result of fibromuscular dysplasia or changes that are accompanied by atherosclerotic damage to the arteries. Kinking – an artery bend at an acute angle. It can be congenital, when from early childhood there is a violation of cerebral circulation and develops over time from an elongated carotid artery. The formation of inflections contributes to hypertension, the progression of atherosclerosis. Coiling – the formation of a loop of an artery. Despite the smooth running of the loop, the changes in bleeding in it are significant. The nature of bends in coiling can vary depending on body position, blood pressure. The most common is the elongation of the internal carotid or spinal artery, which leads to the formation of smooth curves along the vessel. Elongation of the arteries is usually detected in random studies. The main etiological causes of pathological tortuosity of the internal carotid artery include: congenital deformation of the vascular wall, hypertension, osteochondrosis of the cervical vertebrae, compression of the bracheocephalic arteries, cranial nerves. The review article deals with anatomy and topography of the major vascular-nervous bundle components of the neck on the stages of early ontogenesis from the point of view of surgical correction of departures from their normal development in newborns and children of an early age. However, literary data are controversial and fragmentary concerning anatomical peculiarities of the carotid arteries, internal jugular vein, and vagus. The facts concerning synoptic correlation of the major vascular-nervous bundle components of the neck in fetuses and newborns are not systematized. Carotid artery disease leads to stroke in 30% of cases. The total frequency of carotid artery deformations varies from 10 to 40% depending on the results of angiographic and pathological examinations. 

scholarly journals Internal Carotid Artery dissection presenting as Isolated Hypoglossal nerve palsy

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
Amir Ahmad ◽  
◽  
Amir Ahmad ◽  
Philip Travis ◽  
Mark Doran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Internal Carotid Artery ◽  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Nerve Palsy ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Carotid Artery Dissection ◽  
Artery Dissection ◽  
Internal Carotid Artery Dissection ◽  
Cranial Nerve Palsies

Internal carotid dissection most commonly presents as headache, focal neurological deficits or stroke. Rarely it can manifest itself by causing a palsy of the lower cranial nerves (IX, X, XI, XII). The reported incidence of isolated cranial nerve palsies is rare. We report a case of an internal carotid artery dissection manifesting as isolated XII (hypoglossal) cranial nerve palsy.

تحفيز العصب الرأسي العاشر بين الطرق الطبية الطبيعية والقرآن والسنة النبوية والممارسات الإسلامية

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-168
Author(s):  
Zina M. Al-Alami ◽  
Alladein Mohammad Ahmad Adawi
Keyword(s):  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Vagus Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Medical Doctors ◽  
Medical Conditions ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Thoracic And Abdominal

Abstract Vagus nerve (the tenth cranial nerve), is responsible for several vital physiological conditions and several motor and sensory actions in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Because of its importance, scientists usually stimulate it electrically in certain medical conditions, or naturally for the wellbeing of individuals. The aim of this study is to compare between the natural ways that stimulate the vagus nerve, that were suggested by anatomists, physiologists and medical doctors, and between what it is mentioned in the Quran and Sunnah and practiced by Muslims. The study found that many of the documented natural practices that stimulate the vagus nerve are actually mentioned in the Quran or Sunnah. We concluded that some natural methods of vagus nerve stimulation are mentioned in many Islamic textual sources and Islamic practices.

The cranial nerves

2021 ◽  
pp. 125-156
Author(s):  
Daniel R. van Gijn ◽  
Jonathan Dunne
Keyword(s):  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Jugular Foramen ◽  
Foramen Ovale ◽  
Superior Orbital Fissure ◽  
Stylomastoid Foramen ◽  
Foramen Rotundum ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Base Of The Skull ◽  
Control Balance ◽  
Internal Acoustic Canal

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that are individually named and numbered using Roman numerals. Only some cranial nerves are mixed in function, i.e. they carry both sensory and motor fibres; others are purely sensory or motor and some may also carry pre- or post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibres. They pass through foramina in the base of the skull and are the olfactory (through cribriform plate to the nasal cavity), optic (through the optic foramen to the eye), oculomotor (through the cavernous sinus and superior orbital fissure to supply the eye), trochlear (as per oculomotor), trigeminal (three main branches that pass through the superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum and foramen ovale, respectively), abducens (as per oculomotor), facial (through stylomastoid foramen to supply muscles of facial expression), vestibulocochlear (through the internal acoustic canal to control balance and hearing), glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory (all pass through the jugular foramen) and hypoglossal (through the hypoglossal canal to control movements of the tongue) nerves.

Cranial Nerves

2019 ◽  
pp. 25-87
Author(s):  
Christopher H. Hawkes ◽  
Kapil D. Sethi ◽  
Thomas R. Swift
Keyword(s):  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Red Flags ◽  
Neoplastic Lesions ◽  
Effects Of Aging

This chapter describes each cranial nerve (CN I through XII) and the Handles and Red Flags associated with disorders of each. These range from trauma, neoplastic lesions, infectious and inflammatory causes, and the effects of aging, to psychological manifestations. Diagnosing disorders of the cranial nerves requires various combinations of history and careful examination.

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