HIV: diagnosis and assessment

2019 ◽  
pp. 469-478
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Undetectable Viral Load ◽  
World Health ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Hiv Diagnosis ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization has set a target to achieve by 2030 that 90% of people with HIV are aware of their diagnosis, 90% of those are on treatment, and 90% of these have an undetectable viral load. People with HIV who are not aware of their diagnosis are more likely to be diagnosed late with increased morbidity and mortality, and 50% of new transmissions are from people unaware of their status. This chapter describes the challenges in increasing testing and diagnosis, recommendations for HIV testing, and initial assessment and management of those newly diagnosed with HIV infection.

Ways to solve issues related to adolescent motherhood (scientific review)

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-59
Author(s):  
Pavel P. Shcherbinin ◽  
Nelli Yu. Bolshakova ◽  
Daria L. Simonova ◽  
Valeriia S. Malchikova
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Adolescent Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Young Mothers ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Important Place ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization, arguing for the need to invest in the health and development of adolescents, notes that its work helps to improve the health and well-being of millions of adolescents who experience problems such as depression, anemia, HIV infection, promotes the introduction of a healthy lifestyle, prevention of health problems that may occur in adulthood (for example, cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer caused by low levels of physical activity and smoking, problems originating in adolescence). Investments in adolescent health will also prevent problems in the next generations, in particular, such as prematurity and low body weight in children born to very young mothers. Among the significant factors contributing to the achievement of low childbearing activity in adolescence, the low level of abortions and HIV infection among young people, the fact was especially emphasized that it is in these countries that parents and the public positively perceive the sexuality of young people, and sexual relations are considered a logical and natural continuation of a long-term relationship between a young man and a girl, a serious component of emotionally healthy adulthood. The sexual behavior of adolescents in developed European countries is primarily a matter of harmonious development and public health. Most adults do not consider adolescent sex an issue as long as the “rules of protected sex” are maintained. Experts of the World Health Organization, in cooperation with UNICEF headquarters, have developed an orientation program “Adolescent Health”. The presence of the phenomena of adolescent pregnancy and fertility, the negative consequences that may accompany these phenomena and the possibility of reducing their level indicate the need to develop appropriate programs, among which early pregnancy prevention programs should take an important place. Social readaptation of young mothers should take into account the following aspects: social, psycho-correctional, medical, career guidance, legal.

Dementia due to HIV disease

2012 ◽  
pp. 384-386
Author(s):  
Mario Maj
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
American Academy ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Aids Dementia Complex ◽  
World Health ◽  
Motor Disorder ◽  
Dementia Syndrome ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
American Academy Of Neurology

The first description of a syndrome consisting of cognitive, motor, and behavioural disturbances in patients with AIDS was published in 1986. The syndrome was named ‘AIDS dementia complex’. In 1990, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the term ‘HIV-associated dementia’, pointing out that subclinical or mild cognitive and/or motor dysfunctions without impairment of performance in daily living activities cannot be subsumed under the term ‘dementia’. The expression ‘mild cognitive/motor disorder’ was proposed for those conditions. The same distinction was made in 1991 by the American Academy of Neurology, which identified an ‘HIV-associated dementia complex’ and an ‘HIV-associated minor cognitive/motor disorder’. The present chapter focuses on the dementia syndrome associated with HIV infection.

Evaluation of the World Health Organization staging system for HIV infection and disease in Ethiopia: association between clinical stages and laboratory markers

AIDS ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Kassa ◽  
Tobias F. Rinke de Wit ◽  
Ermias Hailu ◽  
Mulu Girma ◽  
Tsehaynesh Messele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Staging System ◽  
World Health ◽  
Laboratory Markers ◽  
The World ◽  
Clinical Stages ◽  
Health Organization

scholarly journals Use of Trained Non-Medical Staff to Improve Access to HIV Testing Services in Africa: Implementation of the World Health Organization Opt-out Approach in Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-127
Author(s):  
Charles Kouanfack ◽  
Skinner Lekelem ◽  
Fala Bede ◽  
Ngwayu Claude Nkfusai ◽  
Yvette Nouafo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Medical Staff ◽  
World Health ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
The World ◽  
Hiv Testing Services ◽  
Health Organization

Background: The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) in 2019 estimated that 450,000 to 50,000 people in Cameroon were living with HIV, yet only 79% knew their HIV status which is far from the 90% target for 2020. To address this situation, Cameroon adopted the “Opt-out” strategyof the World Health Organization (WHO) and use of trained non-medical cadre (psychosocial agents) to reach out to more people with HIV testing services (HTS). This describes the implementation and outcomes of this strategy by reviewing the activity of a typical day in the Yaoundé Central Hospital (YCH) in Cameroon. Methods: HTS were offered to hospitalized and ambulatory patients (including their companions) in different departments of the YCH. Following screening for recent HIV testing, those with unknown HIV status that gave consent or did not explicitly refuse testing (as per the “Opt-out Strategy”), were counseled and tested for HIV. Testing followed the “National HIV Rapid Testing Algorithm” using rapid diagnostic test kits. Results were either positive, negative or indeterminate. Patients with positive HIV results were linked to the Care and Treatment Center for treatment initiation. Results: Of the 350 patients screened and offered HTS using non-medical cadre (psychosocial agents), 193 (55.1%) were hospitalized and 157 (44.9%) came for outpatient visits. The age of participants ranged from 14 to 92 years and the yield of HIV testing in the sample population was 5.1% (6.2% for hospitalized patients and 3.8% for outpatient clinics). Statistics revealed that five HIV-positive patients had never been offered HTS before the study. The study revealed that HTS acceptance rate among hospitalized patients was 69.6% and that all new positive patients started antiretroviral treatment on the same day. Conclusion and Global Health Implications: It is feasible to use trained non-medical staff for HIV testing services (HTS). Task-shifting by using trained psychosocial agents can help in case identification and linkage to HIV treatment services.   Copyright © 2021 Kouanfack et al. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in this journal, is properly cited.

Tuberculosis combined with HIV infection: a review of WHO materials used by Russian authors in their publications

MedAlliance ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-31
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Central Place ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Health Organization

SummaryIn recent years, the problem of tuberculosis combined with HIV infection in Russia is on the central place in 22Фтизиатрия, пульмонологияМЕДИЦИНСКИЙ АЛЬЯНС, том 8, No 2, 2020phthisiology, due to the wide spread of this pathology in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, low treatment efficiency and high mortality among patients of this group. In this regard, the materials of the World Health Organization, developed based on systematic sci-entific research, are of great importance in elaboration of national strategies aimed at reducing the prevalence of tuberculosis among the patients with HIV infection. The purpose of the study: to review the materials of the World Health Organization, devoted to various aspects of tuberculosis combined with HIV infection control, used by Russian authors in their scientific publications for the period from 1992 to 2017. Materials and meth-ods: materials of the World Health Organization (n=74) (reports, manuscripts, recommendations, etc.) on the problems of tuberculosis combined with HIV infection for the period of 23 years (1992–1993, 1995, 1997–1998, 2000–2017), used by the Russian authors in 136 scien-tific publications. Results. The study showed that over a 23-year period of time (1992–1993, 1995, 1997–1998, 2000–2017) in 136 scientific publications of Russian au-thors, 74 materials of the World Health Organization on tuberculosis combined with HIV- infection were used, among which 23 materials were the most demanded, references to which were in 84 scientific publications. In recent years (2010–2017), the number of annual pub-lications of Russian scientists with links to materials of the World Health Organization has increased signifi-cantly and ranged from 6 to 16. In addition, the assort-ment of materials has expanded, including, additionally to reports and recommendations, various guidelines, including clinical guidelines and protocols for the early diagnosis and treatment of patients with tuberculosis/HIV co-infection, as well as the prevention of tuberculo-sis among patients with HIV infection.

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