Sports and exercise medicine

2010 ◽  
pp. 5375-5386
Author(s):  
Roger L. Wolman
Keyword(s):  
Bone Density ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Training Intensity ◽  
Medical Problems ◽  
Exercise Medicine ◽  
Sports And Exercise

Physicians are increasingly confronted with medical problems related to sport. Female athlete triad—consists of disordered eating, amenorrhoea, and osteoporosis, which are most commonly seen in those pursuing endurance sports or gymnastics. Clinical assessment includes a nutritional screen to assess calorie and calcium intake, measurement of serum tri-iodothyronine level (typically low) and of bone density, along with exclusion of other causes of amenorrhoea. The most effective treatment is to re-establish natural menstruation with a combination of reducing training intensity and increasing calorie intake, both of which the athlete may find hard to accept....

Stress Fractures And The Reproductive System In The Female Athlete

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irfan M Asif ◽  
Kimberly Harmon ◽  
Mallory Shasteen
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Stress Fractures ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Pubic Ramus

Stress fractures are more common in the female athlete. Stress fractures of the pubic ramus and femoral neck are particularly more common in females than in males. Rib stress fractures are an important injury to consider in the female rower, whereas spondylolysis is a common cause of low back pain in female athletes who hyperextend their spines. The higher incidence of stress fractures in females is mainly due to the higher prevalence of disordered eating and subsequent energy imbalance, which leads to detrimental effects on bone. This review discusses stress fractures and unique issues related to exercise and the female reproductive system. This review contains 6 figures, 5 tables and 49 references Key words: amenorrhea, bone mineral density, disordered eating, female athlete triad, femoral neck, pregnancy, pubic ramus, rib, spondylolysis, stress fracture

Stress Fractures And The Reproductive System In The Female Athlete

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irfan M Asif ◽  
Kimberly Harmon ◽  
Mallory Shasteen
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Stress Fractures ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Pubic Ramus

Stress fractures are more common in the female athlete. Stress fractures of the pubic ramus and femoral neck are particularly more common in females than in males. Rib stress fractures are an important injury to consider in the female rower, whereas spondylolysis is a common cause of low back pain in female athletes who hyperextend their spines. The higher incidence of stress fractures in females is mainly due to the higher prevalence of disordered eating and subsequent energy imbalance, which leads to detrimental effects on bone. This review discusses stress fractures and unique issues related to exercise and the female reproductive system. This review contains 6 figures, 5 tables and 49 references Key words: amenorrhea, bone mineral density, disordered eating, female athlete triad, femoral neck, pregnancy, pubic ramus, rib, spondylolysis, stress fracture

Female Athlete Triad Coalition cumulative risk assessment tool: proposed alternative scoring strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1324-1331
Author(s):  
Kristen J. Koltun ◽  
Nancy I. Williams ◽  
Mary Jane De Souza
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Dietary Restriction ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Cumulative Risk ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Delayed Menarche

We (i) identified alternative scoring strategies for the Female Athlete Triad Coalition cumulative risk assessment (CRA) tool to be utilized when particular risk factors (bone mineral density (BMD), oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea) cannot be determined; (ii) objectively defined dietary restriction for use in the CRA tool; and (iii) explored proxy measures of energy deficiency. This cross-sectional investigation of exercising women (n = 166) utilized an existing database derived from multiple studies designed to assess health, exercise, and menstrual function. Data from the screening/baseline period of each study included: anthropometrics, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, disordered eating questionnaires, descriptive data, and proxy measures of energy deficiency (total triiodothyronine (TT3) and ratio of measured-to-predicted resting metabolic rate (mRMR/pRMR)). Substituting delayed menarche for BMD was the best-fit replacement resulting in 15 (9%) participants being categorized in different clearance categories. When menstrual status cannot be assessed, such as during hormonal contraceptive use, low energy availability (EA) determined using self-report and disordered eating questionnaires was the best substitution, resulting in 34 (20%) participants being categorized in different clearance categories. Based on original clearance categorizations, the provisional group had lower TT3 (78.3 ± 2.2 ng/dL; 92.7 ± 2.7 ng/dL) and Harris–Benedict mRMR/pRMR (0.85 ± 0.01; 0.90 ± 0.01) than the full group. Until an updated risk assessment tool is developed, delayed menarche can substitute for low BMD and low EA for oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea. Novelty This investigation addresses previous limitations of the Triad CRA tool. Disordered eating questionnaires can be used to objectively identify dietary restriction for the low EA risk factor. When a risk factor cannot be assessed, delayed menarche can substitute for low BMD and low EA for oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea.

The Female Athlete Triad: Disordered Eating, Amenorrhea, Osteoporosis

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurelia Nattiv ◽  
Rosemary Agostini ◽  
Kimberly K. Yeager ◽  
Barbara Drinkwater
Keyword(s):  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athlete Triad

The female athlete triad: disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis

1993 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 775-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
KIMBERLY K. YEAGER ◽  
ROSEMARY AGOSTINI ◽  
AURELIA NATTIV ◽  
BARBARA DRINKWATER
Keyword(s):  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athlete Triad

scholarly journals FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD PADA ATLET PUTRI DI PUSAT PENDIDIKAN LATIHAN (PUSDIKLAT) RAGUNAN JAKARTA

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 405-413
Author(s):  
Gita Ayu Rosalinda Ratu Saputri ◽  
Fillah Fithra Dieny
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Bone Density ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Menstrual Irregularity ◽  
And Training

Background: Female athletes tend to consume improper for supporting their performance, so that can impact eating disorder. Eating disorder can lead menstrual irregularity and osteoporosis for them, so they have risk of female athlete triad. The aimed of this study to determine prevalence of female athlete triad in education and training centre (PUSDIKLAT) Ragunan Jakarta. Methods: Descriptive research with cross sectional design, and calculation of total subject used stratified proportional random sampling. The sample was composed of 65 female athletes in Education and Training Center (PUSDIKLAT) Ragunan Jakarta. Data include nutritional status, eating disorder, menstrual disorder, and bone density. Assessment of nutritional status used BMI/A percentile and percent body fat; measurement of percent body fat used body fat analyzer HBF 200; assessment of eating disorder used eating disorder diagnostic scale; measurement of menstrual irregularity used questionnaire including frequency, menstrual cycle, menarche, and menstruation on last 3 months; and measurement of bone density used quantitative ultrasound bone densitometry. Result: Female athlete triad not found on subjects, but 15 subjects (23.1%) had bulimia and 1 subject (1.5%) had menstrual irregularity, i.e oligoamenorrhea, whereas bone density of all subjects (100%) normal, so that only 1 subject (1.5%) had two symptom of female athlete triad (bulimia and oligoamenorrhea).fifty six subjects (86,2%) had normal  nutritional status. Based on fat body percent, that was found 1 subject (1.5%) having underfat, 10 subjects (15.4%) overfat, and 2 subjects (3.1%) obese. Conclusion:Female athlete triad not found in Education and Training Center (PUSDIKLAT) Ragunan Jakarta

scholarly journals POTENSI FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD PADA ATLET REMAJA PUTRI DEFISIENSI BESI

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Fillah Fithra Dieny ◽  
Deny Yudi Fitranti ◽  
Firdananda Fikri Jauharany ◽  
A Fahmy Arif Tsani
Keyword(s):  
Bone Density ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cycle Disorders

The female athlete triad (FAT) is a syndrome that occurs in female athletes who have a combination of 3 related conditions and are associated with sports. The aimed of this study to analyze the relationship between iron deficiency and the state of the female athlete triad (FAT) in female athletes. The design of this study was cross sectional with 80 subjects of female athletes aged 12-18 years from various sports, who were taken by simple random sampling. The research was conducted at the Central Java Student Center for Education and Sports Training (BPPLOP). Bivariate analysis was performed using the Spearman test. Based on Ferritin, as many as 15 subjects (18.25%) had iron deficiency anemia, and FAT syndrome was not found in the subjects, however, when each sign was seen, 20 percent were classified as polimenorrhea and oligomenorrhea, and 37.5 percent experienced eating disorders. There were a significant relationship between iron deficiency based on serum ferritin (p = 0.015; r = 0.273) and Hb levels (p = 0.002; r = 0.337) with the component of athlete's bone density. However, iron deficiency (based on serum Ferritin and Hb levels) did not show a significant association with menstrual cycle disorders and eating disorders (p 0.05). Female Athlete Triad has not been found among subjects, but athletes have experienced eating behavior disorders, menstrual cycle disorders and the risk of low bone density. Iron deficiency is associated with decreased bone density in young female athletes. ABSTRAK Female athlete triad (FAT) merupakan suatu syndrom yang terjadi pada atlet wanita yang memiliki kombinasi dari 3 kondisi yang saling berkaitan, dan berhubungan dengan olahraga. Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisis hubungan defisiensi besi dengan keadaan female athelete triad (FAT) pada atlet remaja putri. Desain penelitian ini adalah cross-sectional dengan 80 subjek atlet putri berusia 12-18 tahun dari berbagai cabang olahraga yang diambil secara simple random sampling. Penelitian dilakukan di Balai Pemusatan Pendidikan dan Latihan Olahraga Pelajar (BPPLOP) Jateng. Analisis univariat untuk mendeskripsikan data berupa distribusi dan persentase. Analisis bivariat dilakukan menggunakan uji Spearman. Berdasarkan data serum ferritin, sebanyak 15 subjek (18,25%) mengalami anemia defisiensi besi, namun belum ditemukan kejadian FAT pada subjek, tetapi bila dilihat masing masing tanda sebanyak 20 persen tergolong polimenorea dan oligomenorea, serta 37,5 persen mengalami gangguan perilaku makan. Ada hubungan yang signifikan antara defisiensi besi berdasarkan serum ferritin (p=0,015; r=0,273) dan kadar Hb (p=0,002; r=0,337) dengan komponen kepadatan tulang atlet. Namun defisiensi besi (bedasarkan serum Ferritin dan Kadar Hb) tidak menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan dengan gangguan siklus menstruasi dan gangguan perilaku makan (p0,05). FAT belum ditemukan pada atlet remaja putri, namun atlet sudah ada yang mengalami gangguan perilaku makan, gangguan siklus menstruasi dan risiko kepadatan tulang rendah. Defisiensi besi berhubungan dengan menurunnya kepadatan tulang atlet remaja putri.Kata kunci: atlet; remaja putri; defisiensi besi; female athlete triad (FAT) 

Stress Fractures And The Reproductive System In The Female Athlete

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irfan M Asif ◽  
Kimberly Harmon ◽  
Mallory Shasteen
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Stress Fractures ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Pubic Ramus

Stress fractures are more common in the female athlete. Stress fractures of the pubic ramus and femoral neck are particularly more common in females than in males. Rib stress fractures are an important injury to consider in the female rower, whereas spondylolysis is a common cause of low back pain in female athletes who hyperextend their spines. The higher incidence of stress fractures in females is mainly due to the higher prevalence of disordered eating and subsequent energy imbalance, which leads to detrimental effects on bone. This review discusses stress fractures and unique issues related to exercise and the female reproductive system. This review contains 6 figures, 5 tables and 49 references Key words: amenorrhea, bone mineral density, disordered eating, female athlete triad, femoral neck, pregnancy, pubic ramus, rib, spondylolysis, stress fracture

DISORDERED EATING AND THE FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte F. Sanborn ◽  
Marianna Horea ◽  
Beverly J. Siemers ◽  
Kathy I. Dieringer
Keyword(s):  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athlete Triad
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