Mastectomy versus Lumpectomy for Invasive Breast Cancer

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Hochman
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Invasive Breast Cancer ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Breast Conserving Therapy ◽  
Total Mastectomy ◽  
Design Study ◽  
Study Intervention ◽  
Landmark Study

This chapter provides a summary of the landmark study known as the B-06 trial, which compared total mastectomy versus breast-conserving therapy (i.e., lumpectomy) for treating women with invasive breast cancer. Do all women with invasive breast cancer require a total mastectomy, or is breast conserving therapy (i.e., lumpectomy) appropriate in some women? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case involving total mastectomy versus lumpectomy.

Gastroesophageal Junction Tumors Does Location Determine Treatment?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily L. Siegel ◽  
Miguel Burch
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Treatment Approach ◽  
Gastroesophageal Junction ◽  
Design Study ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Study Intervention ◽  
Landmark Study

This chapter summarizes a landmark study in treatment of gastroesophageal (GE) junction tumors. Should an anatomically based classification scheme of GE tumors define the appropriate treatment approach for these tumors? Starting with that question, it describes the basis of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case involving possible gastrectomy and esophagectomy.

North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikhil Gupta ◽  
Vinod H. Srihari
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Psychotic Disorder ◽  
Study Design ◽  
North American ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Design Study ◽  
Study Intervention ◽  
Landmark Study

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study on schizophrenia. The question studied was “In patients identified clinically to be at high risk for psychosis, which variables (or their combinations) best predict conversion to schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder?” Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. This study demonstrates that presence of some characteristics can better prognosticate conversion of a prodromal state to a psychotic disorder. Finally, the chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.

Effectiveness of Clozapine versus Other Atypical Antipsychotics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunice Yuen ◽  
Cenk Tek
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Atypical Antipsychotics ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Intervention Effectiveness ◽  
Design Study ◽  
Study Intervention ◽  
Landmark Study

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study on adult patients with schizophrenia. Discussion here is based on the investigation from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials for Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE). What is the role of clozapine among patients with chronic schizophrenia who fail to respond to atypical antipsychotics? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.

The Surgical Safety System Checklist (SURPASS)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Hochman
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Surgical Complications ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Safety System ◽  
Design Study ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Surgical Safety ◽  
Study Intervention ◽  
Landmark Study

This chapter provides a summary of the landmark study known as SURPASS (the Surgical Safety System Checklist). Can surgical complications be reduced by following a checklist of safety measures before, during, and after operations? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case on the use of SURPASS.

Accuracy of Focused Abdominal Sonography for Trauma (FAST)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel J. Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Trauma Surgery ◽  
Pericardial Fluid ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Design Study ◽  
Abdominal Sonography ◽  
Study Intervention ◽  
Landmark Study

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in trauma surgery. It deals with focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST). How accurate is surgeon-performed ultrasound to assess hemoperitoneum and pericardial fluid in trauma patients? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case regarding when FAST might be applicable in a trauma situation.

Breast Cancer after Prophylactic Bilateral Mastectomy in Patients with BRCA Mutation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel J. Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Brca Mutation ◽  
Surgical Oncology ◽  
Bilateral Mastectomy ◽  
Study Intervention ◽  
Prophylactic Bilateral Mastectomy ◽  
Landmark Study

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in breast surgical oncology. Does prophylactic bilateral mastectomy reduce the incidence of breast cancer in patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case involving the possibility of prophylactic bilateral mastectomy for breast cancer.

Comparison of 8 versus 15 Days of Antibiotic Therapy for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Adults

2018 ◽  
pp. 257-262
Author(s):  
Laurie O. Mark ◽  
Jean Kwo
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Randomized Trial ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Pulmonary Infection ◽  
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia ◽  
Icu Patients ◽  
Study Intervention ◽  
Landmark Study

This chapter provides a summary of the landmark study “Comparison of 8 versus 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial.” In adult patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), is treatment with an 8-day course of antimicrobials as effective as a 15-day course? Starting with that question, the chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case. In ICU patients who develop microbiologically proven VAP, an 8-day antimicrobial course is not inferior to a 15-day course with respect to all-cause mortality or recurrence of pulmonary infection. However, these findings may not apply to patients who are immunocompromised, and shorter or longer duration of antibiotics may sometimes be indicated.

Cognitive Therapy versus Medication in the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Depression

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Barron ◽  
Robert Ostroff
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Therapy ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Study Intervention ◽  
Landmark Study

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study on major depressive disorder. Is paroxetine or cognitive therapy more effective in treating patients with moderate to severe major depressive disorder? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.

Global Burden of Mental and Substance Use Disorders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Yarnell ◽  
Ellen Edens
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Disease Study ◽  
Study Intervention ◽  
Landmark Study

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease Study was a ground breaking venture in answering the question regarding the prevalence of various diseases. By analyzing this database, the current study was sought to determine the burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders. With this in mind, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.

Heller Myotomy versus Heller Myotomy with Dor Fundoplication for Achalasia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerald Borgella ◽  
Michael Choi ◽  
Miguel Burch
Keyword(s):  
Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Heller Myotomy ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Partial Fundoplication ◽  
Dor Fundoplication ◽  
Design Study ◽  
Study Intervention

This chapter provides a summary of the management of patients with achalasia and how the addition of a fundoplication can affect outcomes. The primary question asked is could the addition of a Dor fundoplication to a Heller myotomy decrease the incidence of pathologic gastroesophageal reflux? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case regarding treating a patient with either Heller myotomy or Heller myotomy plus partial fundoplication.

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