Breast Cancer after Prophylactic Bilateral Mastectomy in Patients with BRCA Mutation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel J. Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Brca Mutation ◽  
Surgical Oncology ◽  
Bilateral Mastectomy ◽  
Study Intervention ◽  
Prophylactic Bilateral Mastectomy ◽  
Landmark Study

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in breast surgical oncology. Does prophylactic bilateral mastectomy reduce the incidence of breast cancer in patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case involving the possibility of prophylactic bilateral mastectomy for breast cancer.

Mastectomy versus Lumpectomy for Invasive Breast Cancer

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Hochman
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Invasive Breast Cancer ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Breast Conserving Therapy ◽  
Total Mastectomy ◽  
Design Study ◽  
Study Intervention ◽  
Landmark Study

This chapter provides a summary of the landmark study known as the B-06 trial, which compared total mastectomy versus breast-conserving therapy (i.e., lumpectomy) for treating women with invasive breast cancer. Do all women with invasive breast cancer require a total mastectomy, or is breast conserving therapy (i.e., lumpectomy) appropriate in some women? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case involving total mastectomy versus lumpectomy.

50 Studies Every Surgeon Should Know

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Hochman
Keyword(s):  
Critical Care ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Surgical Outcomes ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Surgical Oncology ◽  
Endocrine Surgery ◽  
Surgical Critical Care ◽  
Study Intervention ◽  
Landmark Study

50 Studies Every Surgeon Should Know presents key studies that have shaped the practice of surgery. Selected using a rigorous methodology, the studies cover topics including: vascular, colorectal, bariatric, abdominal, hernial, and endocrine surgery, surgical outcomes, surgical oncology, trauma and surgical critical care, and studies of historical interest. Each chapter describes the basics of a landmark study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. It then briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.

Comparison of 8 versus 15 Days of Antibiotic Therapy for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Adults

2018 ◽  
pp. 257-262
Author(s):  
Laurie O. Mark ◽  
Jean Kwo
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Randomized Trial ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Pulmonary Infection ◽  
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia ◽  
Icu Patients ◽  
Study Intervention ◽  
Landmark Study

This chapter provides a summary of the landmark study “Comparison of 8 versus 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial.” In adult patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), is treatment with an 8-day course of antimicrobials as effective as a 15-day course? Starting with that question, the chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case. In ICU patients who develop microbiologically proven VAP, an 8-day antimicrobial course is not inferior to a 15-day course with respect to all-cause mortality or recurrence of pulmonary infection. However, these findings may not apply to patients who are immunocompromised, and shorter or longer duration of antibiotics may sometimes be indicated.

Cognitive Therapy versus Medication in the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Depression

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Barron ◽  
Robert Ostroff
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Therapy ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Study Intervention ◽  
Landmark Study

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study on major depressive disorder. Is paroxetine or cognitive therapy more effective in treating patients with moderate to severe major depressive disorder? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.

Global Burden of Mental and Substance Use Disorders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Yarnell ◽  
Ellen Edens
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Disease Study ◽  
Study Intervention ◽  
Landmark Study

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease Study was a ground breaking venture in answering the question regarding the prevalence of various diseases. By analyzing this database, the current study was sought to determine the burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders. With this in mind, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.

Gastroesophageal Junction Tumors Does Location Determine Treatment?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily L. Siegel ◽  
Miguel Burch
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Treatment Approach ◽  
Gastroesophageal Junction ◽  
Design Study ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Study Intervention ◽  
Landmark Study

This chapter summarizes a landmark study in treatment of gastroesophageal (GE) junction tumors. Should an anatomically based classification scheme of GE tumors define the appropriate treatment approach for these tumors? Starting with that question, it describes the basis of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case involving possible gastrectomy and esophagectomy.

Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy versus Nodal Observation in Melanoma

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel J. Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Sentinel Lymph Node ◽  
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Surgical Oncology ◽  
Lymph Node Biopsy ◽  
Node Biopsy ◽  
Study Intervention ◽  
Landmark Study

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in surgical oncology. In patients with melanoma who undergo wide excision, does sentinel lymph node biopsy improve survival versus nodal observation (a “wait-and-watch” approach)? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case on sentinel lymph node biopsy versus nodal observation in melanoma.

Size as a Predictor of Malignancy of Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel J. Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Adrenocortical Carcinoma ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Adrenal Incidentaloma ◽  
Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma ◽  
Postoperative Treatment ◽  
Endocrine Surgery ◽  
Study Intervention ◽  
Landmark Study

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in endocrine surgery. Does size correlate with malignancy in adrenal cortical carcinoma? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case involving postoperative treatment of a patient with adrenocortical carcinoma who has a large adrenal incidentaloma.

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Outcomes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Jain
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors ◽  
Surgical Oncology ◽  
Disease Recurrence ◽  
Clinical Vignette ◽  
Stromal Tumors ◽  
Study Intervention ◽  
Landmark Study

This chapter provides a summary of the landmark study in surgical oncology. What characteristics of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) predict survival and disease recurrence? Starting with this question, the chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses the implications, and concludes with a clinical vignette to display how the study’s findings can be clinically applied to a sample patient.

A Protocol of No Sedation for Critically Ill Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation

2018 ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Ulrich Schmidt ◽  
Zeb McMillan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Randomized Trial ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Critically Ill Patients ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Daily Interruption ◽  
Study Intervention ◽  
Landmark Study

This chapter provides a summary of the landmark study known as a protocol of no sedation for critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a randomized trial. Can duration of mechanical ventilation be reduced with a protocol of no sedation versus daily interruption of sedation? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case. Understanding that not all patients receiving mechanical ventilation require sedation is an important first step to determining the best regimen.

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