Gonadal Steroids and Mood Disorders

Major depression is twice as common in women as in men, and there is mounting evidence that some women are particularly vulnerable to mood disorders during periods of reproductive change. The presence of these reproductive endocrine-related mood disorders, which include psychiatric disturbances during menarche, pregnancy or postpartum, the perimenopause, or the menstrual cycle, suggests a role for gonadal steroid hormones in affective regulation. Here we highlight the biological effects of estradiol and other gonadal steroid hormones and describe how these effects overlap with the pathophysiology of depression. We also review research into the mechanisms responsible for and treatment of reproductive-related mood disorders in women.

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Gonadal steroids, brain, and behavior: role of context

Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience ◽

10.31887/dcns.2002.4.2/drubinow ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 123-137 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

Mood Disorders ◽

Steroid Hormones ◽

Differential Susceptibility ◽

Reproductive Function ◽

Gonadal Steroids ◽

Wide Range ◽

Reproductive Endocrine ◽

Brain And Behavior ◽

And Behavior ◽

The Impact

The nature and extent of the impact of gender and reproductive function on mood has been the subject of speculation and controversy for centuries. Over the past 50 years, however, it has become increasingly clear that not only is the brain a major target of reproductive steroid hormones, but additionally, the steroid hormones, as neuroregulators, create a context thai influences a broad range of brain activities; ie, neural actions and resultant behaviors are markedly different in the presence and absence of gonadal steroids. In turn, the actions of gonadal steroids are themselves context-dependent. Thus, even where it can be demonstrated thai gonadal steroids trigger mood disorders, the triggers are normal levels of gonadal steroids (to be contrasted with the mood disturbances accompanying endocrinopathies), and the mood disorders appear only in a subset of susceptible individuals. The context specificity and differential susceptibility to affective dysregulation seen in women with reproductive endocrine-related mood disorders are undoubtedly important underlying characteristics of a wide range of psychiatric disorders in which the triggers have not yet been identified. Consequently, reproductive endocrine-related mood disorders offer unparalleled promise for the identification of those contextual variables that permit biological stimuli to differentially translate into depression in individuals at risk.

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Role of Sex Hormones in Human Body

10.5772/intechopen.95778 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nassrin Malik Aubead

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Lower Urinary Tract ◽

Collagen Synthesis ◽

Biological Effects ◽

The Body ◽

Gonadal Steroids ◽

Gonadal Steroid Hormones ◽

Gonadal Steroid ◽

Osteoclast Function

Gonadal Steroids hormones play an important role in the reproductive and non-reproductive system. Estrogen has important rule in cardiovascular system as it has vasodilator effect and reduces or prevents platelet activation. In addition, it improves the profile of circulating lipoproteins. All of which may explain why women at premenopausal are less likely to have heart disease than menopause women or men. E2 play grate effect on the skeletal system as it is one of the strongest regulators of osteoblast and osteoclast function, and its responsible for the reduction of adipose tissue and regulation of the body weight, and also has dermatological effect,hence it stimulates the proliferation of keratinocytes and prevents their apoptosis, in addition to the progesterone which increases collagen synthesis. Estrogen is necessary for the functioning and integrity of the tissues of the urinary system specially of the lower urinary tract. Sex steroid are crucial for nervous system, as progesterone is important for production of neurosteroid, and estrogen is currently used in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease because of its effects on mental health. The androgens also have a crucial biological effects on neural, muscle, bone, adipose tissue,prostate, cardiovascular, haemopoietic, and the reproductive systems. The gonadal steroid hormones play an important role in immune system and regulating the immune response against different viral or bacterial infection.

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Impact of sex in the prevalence and progression of glioblastomas: the role of gonadal steroid hormones

Biology of Sex Differences ◽

10.1186/s13293-021-00372-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Claudia Bello-Alvarez ◽

Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo

Keyword(s):

Cell Proliferation ◽

Steroid Hormones ◽

Physiological State ◽

Migration And Invasion ◽

Low Grade ◽

Main Body ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Gonadal Steroid Hormones ◽

Gonadal Steroid

Abstract Background As in other types of cancers, sex is an essential factor in the origin and progression of glioblastomas. Research in the field of endocrinology and cancer suggests that gonadal steroid hormones play an important role in the progression and prevalence of glioblastomas. In the present review, we aim to discuss the actions and mechanism triggered by gonadal steroid hormones in glioblastomas. Main body Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor. According to the epidemiological data, glioblastomas are more frequent in men than in women in a 1.6/1 proportion both in children and adults. This evidence, and the knowledge about sex influence over the prevalence of countless diseases, suggest that male gonadal steroid hormones, such as testosterone, promote glioblastomas growth. In contrast, a protective role of female gonadal steroid hormones (estradiol and progesterone) against glioblastomas has been questioned. Several pieces of evidence demonstrate a variety of effects induced by female and male gonadal steroid hormones in glioblastomas. Several studies indicate that pregnancy, a physiological state with the highest progesterone and estradiol levels, accelerates the progression of low-grade astrocytomas to glioblastomas and increases the symptoms associated with these tumors. In vitro studies have demonstrated that progesterone has a dual role in glioblastoma cells: physiological concentrations promote cell proliferation, migration, and invasion while very high doses (out physiological range) reduce cell proliferation and increases cell death. Conclusion Gonadal steroid hormones can stimulate the progression of glioblastomas through the increase in proliferation, migration, and invasion. However, the effects mentioned above depend on the concentrations of these hormones and the receptor involved in hormone actions. Estradiol and progesterone can exert promoter or protective effects while the role of testosterone has been always associated to glioblastomas progression.

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