Comorbid Conditions, Emotional Distress, and Dysfunctional Cognitions

At least 70% of adults with ADHD have at least one comorbid disorder. Substance abuse is common. Why are people with ADHD more likely to have anxiety and depression? Perhaps there is shared genetic vulnerability. Perhaps certain environmental risk factors increase both the risk of ADHD and anxiety or depression. Plus, the stresses of living with ADHD make people feel anxious and depressed. Adults with ADHD feel more stress and have more stressors. Adults with ADHD may be especially prone to worry, rumination, and negative automatic thoughts. ADHD is not caused by maladaptive cognitions, but adults with ADHD have more negative automatic thoughts, even when they are not depressed. Maladaptive positive cognitions can be problematic as well and often maintain dysfunctional behavior in adults with ADHD.

Major depression and phobias: the genetic and environmental sources of comorbidity

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291700028464 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 361-371 ◽

Cited By ~ 77

Author(s):

Kenneth S. Kendler ◽

Michael C. Neale ◽

Ronald C. Kessler ◽

Andrew C. Heath ◽

Lindon J. Eaves

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Major Depression ◽

Social Phobia ◽

Environmental Risk ◽

Population Based ◽

The Other ◽

Genetic Vulnerability ◽

Animal Phobias ◽

SynopsisIn a population based sample of 2163 personally interviewed female twins, substantial comorbidity was observed between DSM-III-R defined major depression (MD) and 4 subtypes of phobia: agoraphobia, social phobia, animal phobia and situational phobia. However, the level of comorbidity of MD with agoraphobia was much greater than that found with the other phobic subtypes. We conducted bivariate twin analyses to decompose the genetic and environmental sources of comorbidity between MD and the phobias. Our results suggest that a modest proportion of the genetic vulnerability to MD also influences the risk for all phobic subtypes, with the possible exception of situational phobias. Furthermore, the magnitude of comorbidity resulting from this shared genetic vulnerability is similar across the phobic subtypes. By contrast, the non-familial environmental experiences which predispose to depression substantially increase the vulnerability to agoraphobia, have a modest impact on the risk for social and situational phobias and no effect on the risk for animal phobias. The increased comorbidity between MD and agoraphobia results, nearly entirely, from individual-specific environmental risk factors for MD which also increase the risk for agoraphobia but not for other phobias.

Shared genetic and environmental risk factors between undue influence of body shape and weight on self-evaluation and dimensions of perfectionism

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291706009603 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 37 (05) ◽

pp. 635 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

TRACEY D. WADE ◽

CYNTHIA M. BULIK

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Environmental Risk ◽

Body Shape ◽

Undue Influence ◽

Self Evaluation ◽

Emotional Distress and Negative Automatic Thoughts of Students During Secondary School Education

Socijalna psihijatrija ◽

10.24869/spsih.2021.3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 3-23

Author(s):

Zlatka Kozjak Mikic ◽

◽

Karla Mikic ◽

Hrvoje Odak ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary School ◽

Emotional Distress ◽

School Education ◽

Automatic Thoughts ◽

Secondary School Education ◽

Negative Automatic Thoughts

Delineating Selection and Mediation Effects Among Childhood Personality and Environmental Risk Factors in the Development of Adolescent Substance Abuse

Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology ◽

10.1007/s10802-013-9831-z ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 42 (5) ◽

pp. 845-859 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Brian M. Hicks ◽

Wendy Johnson ◽

C. Emily Durbin ◽

Daniel M. Blonigen ◽

William G. Iacono ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Substance Abuse ◽

Environmental Risk ◽

Adolescent Substance Abuse ◽

Mediation Effects ◽

Adolescent Substance

Anorexia Nervosa and Major Depression: Shared Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors

American Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1176/appi.ajp.157.3.469 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 157 (3) ◽

pp. 469-471 ◽

Cited By ~ 214

Author(s):

Tracey D. Wade ◽

Cynthia M. Bulik ◽

Michael Neale ◽

Kenneth S. Kendler

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Anorexia Nervosa ◽

Major Depression ◽

Environmental Risk ◽

Substance Abuse and Drug-Related Death, Suicidal Ideation, and Suicide: A Review

Crisis ◽

10.1027//0227-5910.20.1.28 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 28-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Annie Mino ◽

Arnaud Bousquet ◽

Barbara Broers

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Substance Abuse ◽

Suicidal Ideation ◽

Family Support ◽

Drug Users ◽

Suicide Attempts ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Hiv Epidemic

The high mortality rate among drug users, which is partly due to the HIV epidemic and partly due to drug-related accidental deaths and suicides, presents a major public health problem. Knowing more about prevalence, incidence, and risk factors is important for the development of rational preventive and therapeutic programs. This article attempts to give an overview of studies of the relations between substance abuse, suicidal ideation, suicide, and drug-related death. Research in this field is hampered by the absence of clear definitions, and results of studies are rarely comparable. There is, however, consensus about suicidal ideation being a risk factor for suicide attempts and suicide. Suicidal ideation is also a predictor of suicide, especially among drug users. It is correlated with an absence of family support, with the severity of the psychosocial dysfunctioning, and with multi-drug abuse, but also with requests for treatment. Every clinical examination of a drug user, not only of those who are depressed, should address the possible presence of suicidal ideation, as well as its intensity and duration.