Self-Control As a Moderator for Environmental Risk Factors

Audits are the primary means of monitoring that public funds are appropriately spent by governmental entities. Currently, independent auditors (rather than governmental auditors) are the primary suppliers of governmental audit services, despite the fact that many of them view governmental audits as “secondary” (AICPA 1987). Furthermore, nongovernmental auditors are believed to be less “independent” and more prone to lose sight of the programmatic demand to safeguard the public trust (Power 1997) than governmental auditors. To better understand the supply of governmental audit services, this study investigates independent audit firm partner opinions of governmental audits and their motivation to pursue these engagements. Multiple regression results of our data reveal that partners are more likely to pursue governmental audits if they believe that desirable intrinsic and extrinsic rewards are attainable through performing these audits. Furthermore, environmental risk factors—an active political climate and authoritative changes—reduce partner motivation to pursue governmental audits. It is suggested that environmental risk factors disrupt the comfortable principal/agent relationship of the auditor and auditee because the relationships have become decoupled (abstracted) from the audit's programmatic mission.

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Joint associations of a polygenic risk score and environmental risk factors for breast cancer in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium

International Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/ije/dyx242 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 526-536 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Anja Rudolph ◽

Minsun Song ◽

Mark N Brook ◽

Roger L Milne ◽

Nasim Mavaddat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Score ◽

Environmental Risk ◽

Environmental Risk Factors ◽

Polygenic Risk Score ◽

Polygenic Risk ◽

Breast Cancer Association Consortium ◽

Joint Associations

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HLA‐DRB1*15:01 is a coreceptor for Epstein‐Barr virus, linking genetic and environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis

European Journal of Immunology ◽

10.1002/eji.202149179 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jennifer Menegatti ◽

David Schub ◽

Marco Schäfer ◽

Friedrich A. Grässer ◽

Klemens Ruprecht

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Environmental Risk ◽

Epstein Barr Virus ◽

Environmental Risk Factors ◽

Barr Virus ◽

Epstein Barr

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Remote sensing of environmental risk factors for malaria in different geographic contexts

International Journal of Health Geographics ◽

10.1186/s12942-021-00282-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Andrea McMahon ◽

Abere Mihretie ◽

Adem Agmas Ahmed ◽

Mastewal Lake ◽

Worku Awoke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Surface Water ◽

Environmental Risk ◽

Land Surface ◽

Climatic Factors ◽

Environmental Risk Factors ◽

Environmental Data ◽

Health Concern ◽

Irrigated Agriculture ◽

Boosted Regression Tree

Abstract Background Despite global intervention efforts, malaria remains a major public health concern in many parts of the world. Understanding geographic variation in malaria patterns and their environmental determinants can support targeting of malaria control and development of elimination strategies. Methods We used remotely sensed environmental data to analyze the influences of environmental risk factors on malaria cases caused by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax from 2014 to 2017 in two geographic settings in Ethiopia. Geospatial datasets were derived from multiple sources and characterized climate, vegetation, land use, topography, and surface water. All data were summarized annually at the sub-district (kebele) level for each of the two study areas. We analyzed the associations between environmental data and malaria cases with Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) models. Results We found considerable spatial variation in malaria occurrence. Spectral indices related to land cover greenness (NDVI) and moisture (NDWI) showed negative associations with malaria, as the highest malaria rates were found in landscapes with low vegetation cover and moisture during the months that follow the rainy season. Climatic factors, including precipitation and land surface temperature, had positive associations with malaria. Settlement structure also played an important role, with different effects in the two study areas. Variables related to surface water, such as irrigated agriculture, wetlands, seasonally flooded waterbodies, and height above nearest drainage did not have strong influences on malaria. Conclusion We found different relationships between malaria and environmental conditions in two geographically distinctive areas. These results emphasize that studies of malaria-environmental relationships and predictive models of malaria occurrence should be context specific to account for such differences.

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