Letters written by Oliver Cromwell and Charles II

1878 ◽  
Vol s5-X (253) ◽  
pp. 344-345
Author(s):  
Roland Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Oliver Cromwell ◽  
Charles Ii

Fatal Adulteries: Sexual Politics in the English Revolution

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Samuel Fullerton
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Politics ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
English Revolution ◽  
Charles I ◽  
Political Commentary ◽  
Political Upheaval ◽  
Oliver Cromwell ◽  
King Charles I ◽  
Sexual Histories ◽  
Charles Ii

Abstract This article argues for a reconsideration of the origins of Restoration sexual politics through a detailed examination of the effusive sexual polemic of the English Revolution (1642–1660). During the early 1640s, unprecedented political upheaval and a novel public culture of participatory print combined to transform explicit sexual libel from a muted element of prewar English political culture into one of its preeminent features. In the process, political leaders at the highest levels of government—including Queen Henrietta Maria, Oliver Cromwell, and King Charles I—were confronted with extensive and graphic debates about their sexual histories in widely disseminated print polemic for the first time in English history. By the early 1650s, monarchical sexuality was a routine topic of scurrilous political commentary. Charles II was thus well acquainted with this novel polemical milieu by the time he assumed the throne in 1660, and his adoption of the “Merry Monarch” persona early in his reign represented a strategic attempt to turn mid-century sexual politics to his advantage, despite unprecedented levels of contemporary criticism. Restoration sexual culture was therefore largely the product of civil war polemical debate rather than the singular invention of a naturally libertine young king.

‘Nothing is hidden under the sun’

2019 ◽  
pp. 258-271
Author(s):  
Margaret Dalivalle ◽  
Martin Kemp ◽  
Robert B. Simon
Keyword(s):  
The Sun ◽  
Oliver Cromwell ◽  
Charles Ii ◽  
First Time ◽  
Extensive List

Chapter 14 surveys the return of royal goods to Charles II at the Restoration of the Crown in 1660 and identifies the Greenwich Salvator Mundi, disbursed and returned by Capt. John Stone in the royal inventory of c. 1666. The chapter reviews the individuals involved in the restitution and augmentation of the Royal Collection and identifies two inventories of the collection at the earliest state of assembly c. 1660–2. It identifies a previously unrecognized—and extensive—list of paintings reserved for the use of Oliver Cromwell. It considers the location and fate of the painting of Christ attributed to Leonardo that was disbursed to Edward Bass in December 1651. The chapter identifies, for the first time, documentation of the presence of the Windsor Volume in the collection of Charles II.

‘By the Compass of the Word’: The Life and Piety of William Kiffen — A Quatercentenary Appreciation

2017 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-379
Author(s):  
Michael A. G. Haykin
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
The Political ◽  
John Bunyan ◽  
Central Figure ◽  
Charles I ◽  
Particular Baptist ◽  
Oliver Cromwell ◽  
Charles Ii

William Kiffen, a central figure in the emergence of the British Particular Baptist community in the seventeenth century, came to congregationalist and baptistic convictions in the political and religious turmoil of the reign of Charles I. By the early 1640s he was a key leader among the Particular Baptists in London, and went on to play a central role in their establishment as a distinct community over the next six decades. He was personally acquainted with not only Oliver Cromwell, but also Charles II and James II. His major literary work was a defense of closed communion, in which he opposed the views of John Bunyan. Kiffen won this debate, and so determined the shape of Baptist polity in the following century.

The Negotiations between Charles II and the Cardinal de Retz, 1658–59

1956 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 49-68
Author(s):  
F.J. Routledge
Keyword(s):  
Oliver Cromwell ◽  
Charles Ii ◽  
The Postponement

AT the beginning of April 1658, Charles II‘s most intimate advisers were giving up their hopes of an English rising and a royalist expedition from Flanders backed by Spanish arms. They now turned their thoughts in two other directions. The meeting of the long-drawn-out Imperial Diet at Frankfurt had given the English exiles in the Spanish Netherlands reason to believe that the house of Austria, in order to prevent further French interference in German affairs, would give support to the house of Stuart as a convenient and easy way of embarrassing Louis XIV's ally, Oliver Cromwell. It was also recollected that the Cardinal de Retz and Charles II had already had dealings with each other in Paris in 1652, so that the now-exiled Cardinal was considered as a suitable intermediary to secure Catholic support. When the postponement of the invasion of England was finally decided by the middle of the month, the crestfallen English Royalists were told that their king intended to go to Frankfurt to treat in person with the Electors. The Comte de Marchin, on whom Charles had recently bestowed the Order of the Garter, had preceded him with letters of compliment to the Elector of Mainz and the Spanish ambassador, the Conde de Peñaranda. This plan did not develop very far and, by June, a visit by the king to Spain was being hopefully encouraged by Henry Bennet, the royalist ambassador in Madrid.

1659–1660

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret J. M. Ezell
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
John Milton ◽  
Professional Women ◽  
Royal Family ◽  
Literary Response ◽  
Oliver Cromwell ◽  
Charles Ii ◽  
John Evelyn ◽  
Samuel Pepys

An overview of events following the death of Oliver Cromwell and the return of Charles II and his court from the Continent. Although John Milton continued to write urging the preservation of the Commonwealth, public opinion, as seen in the diaries of John Evelyn and Samuel Pepys, led the army to invite the return of the royal family. The literary response to Cromwell’s death which depicted him as a heroic general and leader of the Commonwealth soon changed to celebration of the royal family and the hypocrisy of Puritan rule. The theatres were reopened and two companies were granted patents; influenced by French theatres, companies now included professional women actors. The demand for new plays offered opportunities for writers. Fiction dealt with contemporary issues, using romance conventions to satirize.

Resurrecting the Body Politic – Physiology’s Influence on Sir William Petty’s Political Arithmetick

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 157-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akos Sivado
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Academic Career ◽  
Body Politic ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Oliver Cromwell ◽  
Trained Physician ◽  
Charles Ii

Sir William Petty (1623-1687), the founder of the method of “political arithmetick,” was a trained physician and anatomist. Receiving medical education both in England and on the continent, he later turned away from an academic career and a medical practice in favour of dealing with political and social matters, becoming one of the first advocates of quantifying social phenomena in order to better govern a population. Offering his services to both Oliver Cromwell and Charles II, Petty sought to reform and transform society (in Ireland in particular), while considering the physician’s treatment of natural bodies and the political advisor’s treatment of the body politic to be analogous enterprises. In doing so, he did not refrain from suggesting serious interventions into social life – something that his contemporary peers did not consider compatible with their medical backgrounds. This article attempts to investigate how Petty’s proposals could have differed so much in their scope and content from those of his colleagues, while remaining true to their largely shared Baconian and Harveyan origins.


Supporting the Monarchy and the Church of England during the Restoration

2020 ◽  
pp. 139-184
Author(s):  
Joseph Arthur Mann
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Father Figure ◽  
The Public ◽  
Oliver Cromwell ◽  
Charles Ii ◽  
Musical Propaganda ◽  
The Church

With rebellion and regicide an ever-present worry for the newly-restored monarchy and the new king Charles II, public opinion could not be ignored. Charles II was welcomed back to his kingdom with a mix of enthusiasm and relief, but his Church of England faced a more difficult restoration. After being outlawed for a decade, it faced the difficulties inherent in reconstituting the institution itself. It faced the challenge of countering the sentiments against it that had been spread during the Commonwealth. It also needed to establish religious harmony in a populace fractured into numerous denominations than it was before the war. Chapter three reveals how music was consistently pressed into service to maintain a favorable public opinion of Charles II and later James II and in the 1660s to support the restoration of the Church of England. It shows how musical propaganda was used to tout Charles II’s lack-luster victories over the Dutch as masterful triumphs, paint him as a benevolent father-figure to his people, and even give him a fictional victory over Oliver Cromwell. While these tactics recurred during the reign of James II, they were ultimately unable to overcome the public distaste for his Catholicism.

Locke’s life

2019 ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
Georges Dicker
Keyword(s):  
John Locke ◽  
Glorious Revolution ◽  
Charles I ◽  
Oliver Cromwell ◽  
King Charles I ◽  
History Of ◽  
Charles Ii ◽  
Political Works ◽  
Publishing Career ◽  
The Glorious Revolution

This chapter is a brief biography of John Locke. It summarizes how his fortunes waxed and waned under the regimes of King Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, King Charles II, King James II, and the “Glorious Revolution,” and it touches on his education at Westminster School and Christ College and on his ties to the Earl of Shaftesbury and to Lady Masham. The chapter also provides a brief history of Locke’s publishing career, including the Essay and political works such as the First Treatise of Government (a critique of the doctrine of the Divine Right of Kings) and the Second Treatise of Government (an outline of the bases for democracy and an influence on the U.S. Constitution).

scholarly journals Meeting Henry Hills: Printer To The King's Most Excellent Majesty

Elements ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Violet Caswell
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Society Of Jesus ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Oliver Cromwell ◽  
Physical Objects ◽  
Rare Books ◽  
Charles Ii ◽  
Printed Word ◽  
The Voice

<p>What does it mean to study a book? In the early modern period, the printed book became an essential catalyst for the dissemination of information, ideas, and culture. Especially in times of conflict, the realm of the printed word provided an important space in which the dissatisfied could make their voices heard or in which rulers could quell the rumblings of rebellion. It seems obvious that to study a book is to read a book, to seek out the voice of its author.</p><p>Yet books are more than the mere words they contain. Librarians, archivists, and conservators take pains to preserve early and rare books because they are important physical objects with their own unique and often surprising stories. Behind each book is a host of individuals: patrons and printers, authors and apprentices. </p><p>The following essay began with an examination of the John J. Burns Library's 1686 copy of <em>The Life of St. Ignatius, Founder of the Society of Jesus. </em>It relates the story of Henry Hills, the wily craftsman who managed to retain his position as official printer to the crown throughout the extraordinarly different reigns of Charles II, Oliver Cromwell, James II, and Queen Anne. </p>

‘Eyes without Light’

2018 ◽  
pp. 222-240
Author(s):  
Henry Power
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Political Messages ◽  
Oliver Cromwell ◽  
Charles Ii ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Relationship

During the seventeenth century the relationship between monarch and universities was a highly political one. This chapter considers the many collections of verse—in English and Latin—issued by the universities in response to royal successions. The protocols surrounding these volumes allowed for a certain amount of political self-expression. This chapter argues that these volumes became a means by which the universities could establish a relationship with the new monarch. The first half of the chapter charts the emergence and operation of protocols for producing these commemorative volumes. The second half offers a case study of Cambridge’s two commemorative volumes, respectively on the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658 and the accession of Charles II in 1660. The scholarly exercises contained within these volumes were capable of communicating significant political messages.

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