scholarly journals The Influence of Smoking Motivation on the Associations Among Cigarette Craving, Attentional Bias to Smoking Cues, and Smoking Behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasey G Creswell ◽  
Carillon J Skrzynski
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Incentive Motivation ◽  
Exposure Condition ◽  
Cue Exposure ◽  
Internal Reliability ◽  
Initial Fixation ◽  
Fixation Bias

Abstract Introduction Theory and data suggest that attentional bias (AB) to drug-related cues should be associated with craving when smoking motivation is high, and that AB should be predictive of drug use when immediate use is possible. The current study is the first to test these propositions in smokers in a controlled laboratory environment. Aims and Methods Ninety daily smokers were randomly assigned to a high smoking motivation (nicotine-deprived and/or smoking cue exposure) or low smoking motivation (non-deprived and/or control cue exposure) condition. Participants engaged in an AB task in which they viewed smoking and matched control pictures while their eye movements were continuously monitored. Participants were then given the option to smoke, and latency to first puff and number of puffs were coded. Results High motivation smokers had significantly higher urges to smoke (p < .001) and shorter latencies to smoke (p = .001) than low motivation smokers, but AB measures (ie, dwell time and initial fixation bias scores) and number of puffs did not differ across groups (ps > .45). As predicted, the association between dwell time bias scores and urge to smoke was stronger in the high (r = .47) than low (r = .18) smoking motivation condition, but this difference failed to reach significance (p = .068). Contrary to predictions, neither AB measure was significantly associated with smoking behavior (SB). Internal reliability was excellent for dwell time bias scores (alpha = .90) but very low for initial fixation bias scores (alpha = .20). Conclusions Maintenance of attention on drug-related cues may be a valid index of incentive motivation. Importantly, however, these dwell time bias scores were not predictive of actual SB. Implications This study tested key predictions made by theoretical accounts of addiction that emphasize AB to drug-related cues as fundamental components of the development and maintenance of drug use. Namely, this is the first experimental study in smokers to test whether AB to smoking-related cues is associated with craving when smoking motivation is high and whether AB predicts SB assessed immediately after the AB task. As predicted, the association between AB and craving was stronger in smokers randomly assigned to a high rather than a low smoking motivation condition. Contrary to predictions, AB did not predict SB.

Different vulnerabilities for addiction may contribute to the same phenomena and some additional interactions

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew James Goudie ◽  
Matt Field ◽  
Jon Cole
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Real World ◽  
Probability Discounting ◽  
Drug Cues ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Motivational Salience

AbstractThe framework for addiction offered by the target article can perhaps be simplified into fewer, more basic, vulnerabilities. “Impulsivity” covers a number of vulnerabilities, not just enhanced delay discounting. Real-world drug-use decisions involve both delay and probability discounting. The motivational salience of, and attentional bias for, drug cues may be related to a number of vulnerabilities. Interactions among vulnerabilities are of significance and complicate the application of this framework.

scholarly journals Brief report: Attentional Bias towards Social Interactions during Viewing of Naturalistic Scenes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Skripkauskaite ◽  
Ioana Mihai ◽  
Kami Koldewyn
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Social Bias ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
The Social ◽  
Naturalistic Scenes ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Human visual attention is readily captured by the social information in scenes. Multiple studies have shown that social areas of interest (AOIs) such as faces and bodies attract more attention than non-social AOIs (e.g. objects or background). However, whether this attentional bias is moderated by the presence (or absence) of a social interaction remains unclear. Here, the gaze of 70 young adults was tracked during the free viewing of 60 naturalistic scenes. All photographs depicted two people, who were either interacting or not. Analyses of dwell time revealed that more attention was spent on human than background AOIs in the interactive pictures. In non-interactive pictures, however, dwell time did not differ between AOI type. In the time-to-first-fixation analysis, humans always captured attention before other elements of the scene, although this difference was slightly larger in the interactive than non-interactive scenes. These findings confirm the existence of a bias towards social information in attentional capture, and suggest that the presence of social interaction may be important in inducing a similar social bias in attentional engagemente. Together with previous research using less naturalistic stimuli, these findings suggest that social interactions carry additional social value that guides one's perceptual system.

scholarly journals Second Generation Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Vape Pen Exposure Generalizes as a Smoking Cue

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea C King ◽  
Lia J Smith ◽  
Patrick J McNamara ◽  
Dingcai Cao
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Cue Exposure ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Smoking Urge ◽  
Nicotine Delivery ◽  
Tank System ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract Introduction Second generation electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS; also known as e-cigarettes, vaporizers or vape pens) are designed for a customized nicotine delivery experience and have less resemblance to regular cigarettes than first generation “cigalikes.” The present study examined whether they generalize as a conditioned cue and evoke smoking urges or behavior in persons exposed to their use. Methods Data were analyzed inN = 108 young adult smokers (≥5 cigarettes per week) randomized to either a traditional combustible cigarette smoking cue or a second generation ENDS vaping cue in a controlled laboratory setting. Cigarette and e-cigarette urge and desire were assessed pre- and post-cue exposure. Smoking behavior was also explored in a subsample undergoing a smoking latency phase after cue exposure (N = 26). Results The ENDS vape pen cue evoked both urge and desire for a regular cigarette to a similar extent as that produced by the combustible cigarette cue. Both cues produced similar time to initiate smoking during the smoking latency phase. The ENDS vape pen cue elicited smoking urge and desire regardless of ENDS use history, that is, across ENDS naїve, lifetime or current users. Inclusion of past ENDS or cigarette use as covariates did not significantly alter the results. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that observation of vape pen ENDS use generalizes as a conditioned cue to produce smoking urge, desire, and behavior in young adult smokers. As the popularity of these devices may eventually overtake those of first generation ENDS cigalikes, exposure effects will be of increasing importance. Implications This study shows that passive exposure to a second generation ENDS vape pen cue evoked smoking urge, desire, and behavior across a range of daily and non-daily young adult smokers. Smoking urge and desire increases after vape pen exposure were similar to those produced by exposure to a first generation ENDS cigalike and a combustible cigarette, a known potent cue. Given the increasing popularity of ENDS tank system products, passive exposures to these devices will no doubt increase, and may contribute to tobacco use in young adult smokers.

scholarly journals Alcohol-cue exposure effects on craving and attentional bias in underage college-student drinkers.

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason J. Ramirez ◽  
Peter M. Monti ◽  
Ruth M. Colwill
Keyword(s):  
College Student ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Cue Exposure

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL CUE EXPOSURE ON NON-DEPENDENT DRINKERS' ATTENTIONAL BIAS FOR ALCOHOL-RELATED STIMULI

2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Cox ◽  
M. A. Brown ◽  
L. J. Rowlands
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Cue Exposure

Do people with acute low back pain have an attentional bias to threat-related words?

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Skinner ◽  
Markus Hübscher ◽  
Hopin Lee ◽  
Adrian C. Traeger ◽  
G. Lorimer Moseley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Acute Low Back Pain ◽  
Affective Pain

Abstract Objectives It has been hypothesised that attentional bias to environmental threats can contribute to persistent pain. It is unclear whether people with acute low back pain (LBP) have an attentional bias to environmental threats. We investigated if attentional bias of threat related words is different in people with acute LBP and pain-free controls. Methods People with acute LBP and pain-free people completed a free viewing eye tracking task. Participants were simultaneously presented with two words, a threat related word and a neutral control word. Threat related words were general threat, affective pain and sensory pain. We conducted linear mixed models to detect differences between acute LBP and pain-free participants on five eye tracking outcome measures (dwell time, first fixation, latency to first fixation, first run dwell time and number of fixations). We calculated absolute reliability, (standard error of measure), and relative reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC 2,1]) for each eye tracking outcome measures. Results We recruited 65 people with acute LBP and 65 pain-free controls. Participants with acute LBP had a higher proportion of fixations towards the affective pain words (M=0.5009, 95% CI=0.4941, 0.5076) than the pain-free controls had (M=0.4908, 95% CI=0.4836, 0.4979), mean between group difference = −0.0101, 95% CI [−0.0198, −0.0004], p=0.0422. There was no difference between acute LBP and pain-free controls for the remaining eye tracking outcome measures (all p>0.05). The only outcome measure that had an ICC of more than 0.7 was the latency to first fixation (affective pain words ICC=0.73, general threat words ICC=0.72). Conclusions When compared with pain-free controls, people with acute LBP looked more often at affective pain words relative to neutral control words. This may indicate a form of engagement bias for people with acute LBP. Attentional bias was not consistent across outcome measures or word groups. Further research is needed to investigate the potential role of attentional bias in the development of persistent pain.

Impulsivity moderates attentional bias following food cue exposure

Appetite ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 630
Author(s):  
P. LATTIMORE ◽  
B.R. MEAD
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Cue Exposure
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