scholarly journals Tobacco Industry Strategies to Minimize or Mask Cigarette Smoke: Opportunities for Tobacco Product Regulation

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 596-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Kennedy ◽  
R. A. Millstein ◽  
V. W. Rees ◽  
G. N. Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Product Regulation

scholarly journals Effects of Ingredients on Cigarette Smoke Composition and Biological Activity: A Literature Overview

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Paschke ◽  
G Scherer ◽  
WD Heller
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Scientific Review ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Literature Overview ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Mainstream Cigarette Smoke

AbstractThis paper presents a literature review of published scientific studies of the effects of tobacco product ingredients and various experimental additives on cigarette smoke composition and its biological activity. The format of this work is that of an uncommented reference paper rather than a critical scientific review. Therefore, the mention of an ingredient in this survey does not imply that it is used by the tobacco industry or that it is covered by any existing national regulations. A broad range of scientific papers and patents on tobacco ingredients is included as well as studies on experimental ingredients. This review may provide public health officials as well as scientists in government agencies and in the tobacco industry with a helpful overview of published information on tobacco product ingredients, their transfer into mainstream cigarette smoke, pyrolysis products, and influence on the biological activity of mainstream cigarette smoke.

scholarly journals Aldehyde and Volatile Organic Compound Yields in Commercial Cigarette Mainstream Smoke Are Mutually Related and Depend on the Sugar and Humectant Content in Tobacco

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1748-1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen L A Pennings ◽  
Johannes W J M Cremers ◽  
Mark J A Becker ◽  
Walther N M Klerx ◽  
Reinskje Talhout
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
International Standards ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mainstream Smoke ◽  
Additional Advantage ◽  
Product Regulation ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
International Standards Organization

Abstract Introduction The World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco control recognizes the need for tobacco product regulation. In line with that, the WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (TobReg) proposed to regulate nine toxicants in mainstream cigarette smoke, including aldehydes, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and carbon monoxide (CO). We analyzed their relations in 50 commercially available cigarette brands, using two different smoking regimes, and their dependence on sugar and humectant concentrations in tobacco filler. Methods We measured sugar and humectant in tobacco filler and aldehydes, VOCs, and tar, nicotine, and CO (TNCO) in mainstream smoke. The general statistics, correlations between emission yields, and correlations between contents and emissions yields were determined for these data. Results For aldehydes, several significant correlations were found with precursor ingredients in unburnt tobacco when smoked with the Intense regime, most prominently for formaldehyde with sucrose, glucose, total sugars, and glycerol. For VOCs, 2,5-dimethylfuran significantly correlates with several sugars under both International Standards Organization (ISO) and Intense smoking conditions. A correlation network visualization shows connectivity between a sugar cluster, an ISO cluster, and an Intense cluster, with Intense formaldehyde as a central highest connected hub. Conclusions Our multivariate analysis showed several strong connections between the compounds determined. The toxicants proposed by WHO, in particular, formaldehyde, can be used to monitor yields of other toxicants under Intense conditions. Emissions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and 2,5-dimethylfuran may decrease when sugar and humectants contents are lowered in tobacco filler. Implications Our findings suggest that the aldehydes and VOCs proposed by TobReg are a representative selection for smoke component market monitoring purposes. In particular, formaldehyde yields may be useful to monitor emissions of other toxicants under Intense conditions. Since the most and strongest correlations were observed with the Intense regime, policymakers are advised to prescribe this regime for regulatory purposes. Policymakers should also consider sugars and humectants contents as targets for future tobacco product regulations, with the additional advantage that consumer acceptance of cigarette smoke is proportional to their concentrations in the tobacco blend.

Robustness of HPHC Reduction in THS 2.2 Aerosol Relative to 3R4F Reference Cigarette Smoke under Extreme Climatic Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-126
Author(s):  
Laurent Poget ◽  
Catherine Goujon ◽  
Samuel Kleinhans ◽  
Serge Maeder ◽  
Jean-Pierre Schaller
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Mainstream Smoke ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Puff Volume ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Health Canada

Summary In order to assess robustness for the reduction of harmful and potentially harmful constituent (HPHC) levels generated by the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS 2.2), a heated tobacco product, we compared the aerosol of this product with mainstream smoke from the 3R4F reference cigarette under different conditions of temperature and humidity. The desired climatic conditions were achieved by using an air-conditioning system coupled with the smoking-machine housing. Two extreme climatic conditions were selected, representing a “Hot and Dry” climate (30 °C and 35% relative humidity RH) and a “Hot and Very Humid” climate (30 °C and 75% RH). In addition, aerosol and smoke were generated using the standard conditions recognized for smoking-machine analyses of tobacco products (22 °C and 60% RH), which were close to the climatic conditions defined for “Subtropical and Mediterranean” environments (25 °C and 60% RH). The experimental conditions were chosen to simulate the use of THS 2.2 and cigarettes under extreme conditions of temperature and humidity. HeatSticks and cigarettes taken from freshly opened packs were subjected to short-term conditioning from two to a few more days under the same experimental conditions. We analyzed 54 HPHCs in THS 2.2 aerosol and 3R4F cigarette smoke, generated in accordance with the Health Canada Intense (HCI) standard, using modified temperature and humidity conditions for sample conditioning and machine-smoking experiments. We used a volume-adjusted approach for comparing HPHC reductions across the different climatic conditions investigated. Although a single puffing regimen was used, the total puff volume recorded for the 3R4F cigarette smoke varied due to the influence of temperature and humidity on combustion rate, which justified the use of a volume-adjusted approach. Volume-adjusted yields were derived from HPHC yields expressed in mass-per-tobacco stick normalized per total puff volume. The results indicated that, regardless of the considered climatic conditions, the HPHC levels investigated in THS 2.2 aerosol were reduced by at least 90%, on average, when compared with the concentrations in 3R4F cigarette mainstream smoke. This confirmed the robustness in performance for THS 2.2 to deliver reduced levels of HPHCs under the extreme climatic conditions investigated in this study. In order to further characterize the robustness of these reductions, the lowest reduction performance achieved for individual HPHCs across all climatic conditions was used to define the threshold for a robust reduction. The majority of the 54 HPHCs investigated in THS 2.2 aerosol showed more than 90% reduction. Calculations derived from nicotine-adjusted yields also confirmed robust reductions for all investigated HPHCs. The small differences in absolute reduction between the volume- and nicotine-adjusted approaches were predominantly attributed to a combination of the differences in both nominal nicotine deliveries and total puff volumes between THS 2.2 and 3R4F cigarettes; however, this did not influence the determination of robustness. Our findings confirm the value of this approach for assessing the robustness of a product’s performance under different climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Tobacco Industry Marketing Exposure and Commercial Tobacco Product Use Disparities among American Indians and Alaska Natives

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-270
Author(s):  
Dana Mowls Carroll ◽  
Claradina Soto ◽  
Lourdes Baezconde-Garbanati ◽  
Li-Ling Huang ◽  
Brianna A. Lienemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
American Indians ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Alaska Natives ◽  
Product Use

scholarly journals Heated tobacco products likely appeal to adolescents and young adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. s41-s47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karma McKelvey ◽  
Lucy Popova ◽  
Minji Kim ◽  
Benjamin W Chaffee ◽  
Maya Vijayaraghavan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Philip Morris ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The 1960S

BackgroundBeginning in the 1960s in the USA and globally since 1998, tobacco companies have beenaggressively promoting heated tobacco products (HTP). In 2016, Philip Morris International (PMI) applied to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) seeking authorisation to market their IQOS HTP system and flavoured ‘HeatSticks’ in the USA as a modified-risk tobacco product (MRTP).MethodsWe systematically evaluated the publicly available data PMI submitted to FDA in its MRTP application to determine whether PMI’s IQOS product meets the US Tobacco Control Act’s standard for MRTP claims. We examined whether PMI provided sufficient data showing tobacco users will not initiate with IQOS, that youth will not misperceive the MRTP-related claims being made concerning IQOS, and how youth perceive health risks associated with IQOS.ResultsPMI’s own studies failed to provide evidence that youth, including non-users and former users, will not find IQOS appealing, will not initiate use of IQOS and will not perceive these products as risk-free. Further, PMI did not refer to independent studies conducted among adolescents which could influence their conclusions. Finally, their studies suffered from design and implementation flaws and cannot be relied on to support the proffered claims.ConclusionPMI’s own data and available evidence from scientific studies conducted independent of the tobacco industry regarding how novel tobacco products are currently being marketed suggest that introduction of IQOS will result in adolescent and young adult non-users initiating tobacco use with IQOS and could also increase poly-use of IQOS along with other tobacco products.

An Analysis of Small Retailers' Relationships with Tobacco Companies in 4 US Cities

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
Heather D'Angelo ◽  
Guadalupe X. Ayala ◽  
Joel Gittelsohn ◽  
Melissa N. Laska ◽  
Lesley Schmidt Sindberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Tobacco Company ◽  
Food Stores ◽  
Menthol Cigarette ◽  
Marketing Materials ◽  
Us Cities ◽  
Cigarette Prices

Objective: In this study, we examined small food store retailers' perspectives on tobacco company agreements specifying tobacco product display and promotion. Methods: We interviewed owners/managers of small food stores (N = 63) in lower-income neighborhoods in 4 US cities using open-and closed-ended questions between October 2013 and July 2014. We coded qualitative interview data and calculated descriptive statistics. Results: Most retailers had a formal contract with a tobacco company (87%). Retailers perceived that tobacco products generated low profits, but were important to attract customers. Nearly 95% with contracts reported receiving an incentive, including marketing materials (86.8%), displays (79%), and free/discounted products (50.9%). Contract requirements included placing branded displays and marketing materials in prime locations and setting cigarette prices. Retailers in urban, African-American neighborhoods felt pressure to maintain menthol cigarette contracts to stay in business. Conclusion: Contracts with tobacco companies were common among the small food stores in this study, and retailers felt they needed the contracts to keep prices competitive. Given the reliance of retailers on tobacco industry contracts, states and localities may need to adopt measures to counter their effects, especially the financial incentives that lead to lower cigarette prices and more prominent displays of promotions and marketing materials.

scholarly journals Combustible and electronic cigarette exposures increase ACE2 activity and SARS-CoV-2 Spike binding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arunava Ghosh ◽  
Vishruth Girish ◽  
Monet Lou Yuan ◽  
Raymond D. Coakley ◽  
Neil E. Alexis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Cigarette Smoke Condensate ◽  
Bronchial Epithelial ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Epithelial Cultures ◽  
Immune Changes

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has extensively impacted global health. The causative pathogen, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, a transmembrane metallo-carboxypeptidase that is expressed in both membrane-anchored (mACE2) and soluble (sACE2) forms in the lung. Tobacco use has been speculated as a vulnerability factor for contracting SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent disease severity, whilst electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have been shown to induce harmful proteomic and immune changes in the lungs of vapers. We therefore tested the hypothesis that combustible tobacco (e.g. cigarettes) and non-combustible e-cigarettes could affect ACE2 activity and subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection. We observed that sACE2 activity was significantly higher in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from both smokers and vapers compared to age-matched non-smokers. Exposure to cigarette smoke increased ACE2 levels, mACE2 activity, and sACE2 in primary bronchial epithelial cultures. Finally, treatment with either cigarette smoke condensate or JUUL e-liquid increased infections with a spike-coated SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. Overall, these observations suggest that tobacco product use elevates ACE2 activity and increases the potential for SARS-CoV-2 infection through enhanced spike protein binding.

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