René Descartes

Philosophy ◽  
2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Skirry
Keyword(s):  
David Hume ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Western Thought ◽  
System Building ◽  
Philosophical System ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
Modern Era

There is no doubt that Descartes is one of the most influential and perhaps one of the most misunderstood philosophers of the modern era. In many ways, Descartes can be seen as kicking off the great era of philosophical system building at the beginning of the 17th century and continuing until David Hume destroyed these systems in one blow in the late 18th century. As the builder of a philosophical system, Descartes’s works cover just about everything under (and above) the sun, from metaphysics to physics to theology to cosmology to physiology, and, with each area intersecting with the others, raise their own set of problems and questions. An article of this sort cannot hope to cover such a range of intersecting issues that arise in Descartes’s system, since an issue in one aspect of the theory often ripples out to other, far-reaching, aspects. Accordingly, this article attempts to provide a mix of introductory essays and detailed analyses of the major issues in Descartes’s system so as to guide the reader toward a clear and even-handed understanding of this giant of Western thought.

scholarly journals Labour Conflicts and Working-Class Culture in Early Modern Holland

1990 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf Dekker
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Class Culture ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Ancien Régime ◽  
Modern Era

SUMMARYFrom the 15th to the 18th century Holland, the most urbanized part of the northern Netherlands, had a tradition of labour action. In this article the informal workers' organizations which existed especially within the textile industry are described. In the 17th century the action forms adjusted themselves to the better coordinated activities of the authorities and employers. After about 1750 this protest tradition disappeared, along with the economic recession which especially struck the traditional industries. Because of this the continuity of the transition from the ancien régime to the modern era which may be discerned in the labour movements of countries like France and England, cannot be found in Holland.

Phonetics and speaking machines

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna Fagyal
Keyword(s):  
Speech Synthesis ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Charles Sorel ◽  
French Writer ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Text To Speech Synthesis ◽  
Fully Automatic ◽  
Multilingual Text

Summary This paper shows that in the 17th century various attempts were made to build fully automatic speaking devices resembling those exhibited in the late 18th-century in France and Germany. Through the analysis of writings by well-known 17th-century scientists, and a document hitherto unknown in the history of phonetics and speech synthesis, an excerpt from La Science universelle (1667[1641]) of the French writer Charles Sorel (1599–1674), it is argued that engineers and scientists of the Baroque period have to be credited with the first model of multilingual text-to-speech synthesis engines using unlimited vocabulary.

David Hume: Aesthetics

Philosophy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy M. Costelloe
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
David Hume ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Major Work ◽  
Treatise Of Human Nature ◽  
Philosophical System ◽  
Original Contribution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Supplementary Volume

Unlike other writers in the tradition of 18th-century aesthetics, Hume never devoted a major work to the subject despite his promise in the advertisement to the Treatise of Human Nature (1739) to write a supplementary volume on “criticism” that, along with one on morals and politics, would complete his philosophical system. This lacuna notwithstanding, Hume did devote a number of essays to the subject, and his corpus is replete with references to and discussions of various themes that are sufficiently numerous and substantive enough to constitute an original contribution to the field and its history. As such, Hume’s aesthetics has come to stand as a distinctive and identifiable part of his philosophy, even though its form and content must, in large part, be constructed from the various writings that make up his corpus as a whole.

scholarly journals Old Romanian Meteorological Terms

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-62
Author(s):  
Liviu-Ioan Pelin ◽  
Liviu Apostol
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Late 18Th Century

Abstract This paper aims to present the evolution of the meteorological terminology, from the 17th century Grigore Ureche’s chronicle and bishop Amfilohie Hotiniul's manuscript on Physics (Moldavia, late 18th Century) to the mid 19th century writings of Teodor Stamati (Moldova) and Julius Barasch (Wallachia), also considering pop science literature, newspapers, such as “Albina Românească” and weather superstitions published in various calendars, and disputed by intelectuals like Mihail Kogălniceanu.

scholarly journals The Readers of 17th-Century English Manuscript Commonplace Book Hesperides, or the Muses’ Garden

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (38) ◽  
pp. 197-209
Author(s):  
Tianhu Hao
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Reference Library ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
Victorian Period ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
English Manuscript

Hesperides, or the Muses’ Garden is a 17th-century manuscript commonplace book known primarily for its Shakespearean connections. The readers of Hesperides generally combine reading and thinking, or reading and writing. Though few, Hesperides is not without its “fit audience.” In addition to the few modern scholars who have examined the manuscripts, the actual known readers of Hesperides include Humphrey Moseley the 17th-century publisher, James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps in the Victorian period, and a late-18th-century anonymous reader. The last of this group copies Shakespearean and dramatic extracts into the commonplace book and is identified through internal evidence based on paleography. The intended readers of Hesperides, including the Courtier, would make use of it as a linguistic aid, to learn how to speak and write well from literary models. They take the commonplace book as a reference library.

scholarly journals DIALEKTIKA TOKOH-TOKOH FALSAFAH BARAT ZAMAN REVOLUSI SAINS MENGENAI SAINS DAN NILAI

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Syahmir Alias
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
David Hume ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Francis Bacon ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Content Analysis Method ◽  
Science And Values ◽  
René Descartes

AbstractScientific Revolution which happened in Europe beginning from 17th to 18th century show the philosophers of science such as Francis Bacon and Immanuel Kant appeared with their ideas to strengthen the scientific methodology. Among the issues being debated is relevance of values towards science. However, different perspectives from these philosophers lead to the dialectic between science and values. This raises a question mark about their arguments and conclusions regarding the issue between science and values. Therefore, this paper aims to identify the outstanding philosophers of science whose involved in such debate from 17th to 18th century AD with their arguments. Next, the paper aims to analyze the relationship among these philosophers and their conception of science and values. Based on the content analysis method used, there are three important findings. First, Francis Bacon, the founder of Western scientific methods reject the practice of confounding superstitions and human biasness in scientific research. Second, there is a clear continuity between the thought of René Descartes, David Hume and Immanuel Kant’s dualism of science, but with different perspectives, i.e. mind-body dualism, fact-value dualism, phenomena-noumena dualism respectively. Third, the arguments of these philosophers of science, especially Kant implied in the concept of value-free scientific research for the following centuries. AbstrakRevolusi Sains yang berlaku di Eropah pada abad ke-17 hingga abad ke-18 Masihi menyaksikan tokoh-tokoh falsafah sains seperti Francis Bacon dan Immanuel Kant tampil bersama idea-idea mereka untuk memantapkan metodologi saintifik. Antara perkara yang dibahaskan ialah perkaitan sains dengan nilai. Walau bagaimanapun, perbezaan pandangan tokoh-tokoh ini membawa kepada dialektika tentang sains dan nilai. Hal ini menimbulkan tanda tanya mengenai hujah-hujah mereka dan kesimpulan yang dibuat berkenaan sains dengan nilai. Justeru, makalah ini ditulis dengan dua tujuan utama. Pertama, mengenal pasti konteks perbahasan sains dan nilai oleh tokoh-tokoh falsafah sains abad ke-17 hingga abad ke-18 yang terlibat. Kedua, menganalisis perkaitan antara pemikiran tokoh-tokoh tersebut berkenaan konsepsi mereka tentang hubungan sains dan nilai. Berdasarkan kaedah analisis kandungan yang digunakan, makalah ini mendapati tiga dapatan penting. Pertama, Francis Bacon selaku pengasas kaedah saintifik Barat menolak amalan campur aduk perkara khurafat dan berat sebelah dalam penyelidikan sains. Kedua, terdapat kesinambungan yang jelas di antara pemikiran René Descartes, David Hume dan Immanuel Kant mengenai dualisme ilmu, namun dari perspektif yang berbeza. Ketiga, hujah-hujah kesemua tokoh falsafah sains tersebut, khususnya Kant memberi implikasi kepada konsep bebas nilai dalam penyelidikan saintifik bagi abad-abad berikutnya.

European White Glass Trade Beads as Chronological and Trade Markers

1996 ◽  
Vol 462 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.G.V. Hancock ◽  
S. Aufreiter ◽  
I. Kenyon
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Aboriginal Peoples ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTEuropean explorers and traders, on their arrival in North America, found the aboriginal peoples willing to exchange furs and other goods for European-made metal objects and glass beads, the remains of which may be found at archaeological sites. Specific trade goods, including multi-coloured or curiously shaped glass beads that are visually distinctive, are used as chronological markers by archaeologists. Most of the single coloured, mainly blue or opaque white beads are very common and cannot be visually, chronologically differentiated. Non-destructive analysis (INAA) of turquoise blue or white beads from known-age archaeological sites in Ontario has revealed chemical changes in glass manufacturing compositions over time. This allows these otherwise nondescript, single coloured beads to be used as chronological and trade markers. Although the turquoise beads were always coloured by Cu, the white beads employed different opacifiers over time. First came Sn-rich beads (early to late 17th century); then Sb-rich beads (late 17th century to mid-19th century); finally As-rich beads (very late 18th century to early 20th century) and even F-whitened beads (19th century to 20th century). Within each major group, it appears that changes in glass making recipes may be found using the Na, K, Ca, Al and Cl contents. Therefore, chemical analysis of white glass trade beads may be as profitable as chemical analysis of turquoise blue trade beads in establishing chemical chronologies.

scholarly journals The Historic Caddo Component at the Roseborough Lake Site (41BW5) on the Red River in Bowie County, Texas

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Perttula
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Red River ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
San Luis ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Ceramic Vessel ◽  
Lake Site

The Roseborough Lake site (41BW5) is on an old meander of the Red River “that was cut off in 1872 and named Roseborough Lake." It lies a few miles west of other important Late Caddo and Historic Caddo period sites, and a few miles west of Texarkana in Bowie County. The Roseborough Lake site is a large historic Caddo village occupied from the late 17th century until the late 18th century, with habitation features and cemeteries. It also is the location of a Nassonite post established by the French in the 1720s, known by the Spanish as San Luis de Cadohadacho. In this article I focus on the analysis of the historic Caddo archaeological material remains, in particular the Caddo ceramic vessel sherds, from the Roseborough Lake site in the Lawrence Head collection. These material remains were collected almost exclusively in 1990 and 1991 after a natural flood of the site by the Red River and then later in 1991 after the machine leveling of much of the site area for bean cultivation.

scholarly journals Sites in Northern Louisiana with Major Collections of Historic Caddo and Other Native American Pottery

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffery S. Girard
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Mississippi Valley ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Late 18Th Century

Archaeological sites in northern Louisiana that date to the 18th and 19th centuries which have yielded significant amounts of Native American pottery are plotted on the accompanying map, and briefly summarized below. A common feature of ceramic collections from these sites is the prevalence of shell temper, a trait that is rare prior to the late 17th century in the region. The earliest contexts probably date from the late 17th to the early 18th centuries and include utilitarian types that were common during the Late Caddo period (ca. A.D. 1500-1700). By the middle 18th century, these types apparently were no longer used as shown by their absence at Los Adaes and sites along Cane River. Many traditional Caddo vessel forms (such as bottles and carinated bowls) appear to have dropped out of use during the late 18th century. Several early 19th century sites that relate to occupants of the ethnically-mixed Bayou Pierre community north of Natchitoches contain Native American shell-tempered pottery, but represented vessel forms are similar to the "Colonoware" that is widespread in the eastern U.S. A small number of engraved and incised sherds have been recovered at these sites, but it is possible that they are from earlier Caddo occupations. Groups that originated east of the Mississippi Valley moved into northern Louisiana during the late 18th century, and new types such as Zimmerman Black, Chickashae Red, Chickashae Combed, and Chattahoochee Roughened appear in the archaeological record. Native American pottery disappears from the archaeological record in the region by 1830.

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