Charles V, Emperor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Ard Boone
Keyword(s):  
Roman Emperor ◽  
Authoritarian Rule ◽  
Personal Power ◽  
Charles V ◽  
Witch Trials ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Cultural Movements ◽  
External Forces ◽  
The Military ◽  
Wide Swath

The figure of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1500–d. 1558), looms large over a wide swath of human experience in the 16th century. His empire impacted the direction of history in the Americas, Europe, and the Middle East. The military, diplomatic, and dynastic force of his empire weighed on cultural movements that included the Reformation, Renaissance, print revolution, witch trials, global trade, and colonization. The interplay of his narrow and shortsighted vision on one side and his military courage, administrative acumen, and devotion to duty as he understood it on the other has intrigued historians for nearly five hundred years. Every generation has found him relevant, but for different reasons. By all accounts he was talented in language acquisition. He also had the energy, intellect, and desire to understand the minutia of administrative and diplomatic business. His presence on the battlefield and documented courage helped him maintain the loyalty of his subjects. In short, he seems to have been a “good enough” emperor. Although he did not maintain political or religious unity in his empire, he defended the lands he inherited and maintained them under his family’s rule. His publicists devised an imperial program focused on his personal power as a ruler chosen by God to defend Christianity from internal and external forces of evil. The contemporary shift toward authoritarian rule in many countries today has given this program new relevance.

Foreign Policy in the Age of the Reformation: French Involvement in the Schmalkaldic War, 1544–1547

1977 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
The Political ◽  
Pivotal Point ◽  
Military Aid ◽  
Charles V ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
French Foreign Policy ◽  
The Military

On 24 April 1547 the forces of the leading protestant princes in Germany were annihilated at Miihlberg by Charles V, and the political wing of protestantism received a blow from which it never entirely recovered. Events during the preceding year had moved with a startling rapidity. Diplomats had widely expected a drawn contest in the summer of 1546, while John Frederick of Saxony and Philip of Hesse had sent a series of missions to France and England to request the military aid and intervention which might tip the balance decisively against the emperor. The diplomatic experts of the Schmalkaldic League had expected France to take advantage of the emperor's difficulties in Germany. The outbreak of war there might seem to have brought to fruition decades of French efforts to cripple the emperor by embroiling him with his German subjects, and 1546 certainly saw a culmination of French diplomatic activity across the Rhine. Yet the outcome of the frenetic negotiations which accompanied the war showed, on the part of the French, a lack of decisiveness at this critical time which is not easy to explain. Four years before, a grand anti-Habsburg coalition had been the pivotal point of French foreign policy. Now, in 1546, any chances of such a coalition were frittered away in petty negotiations with the English and a marked lack of faith between the French and the Germans.

The Prehistory of Innovations in The Russian Funeral Ceremony (Vasily M. Tyapkin at the Burial of Jan II Kazimierz and Michał Wiśniowiecki)

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
Arseniy Bogatyrev
Keyword(s):  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Roman Emperor ◽  
Funeral Ritual ◽  
Charles V ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
Public Character ◽  
Funeral Ceremony

There is an opinion that the fi rst detailed description of certain aspects of the Western (royal) funeral rite appeared in Russia along with a description of the funeral procession in 1558-1559 of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Much more information contain reports of the Russian diplomat Vasily M. Tyapkin, who visited the burial of Kings Jan II Kazimierz and Michał Wiśniowiecki in Rzeczpospolita (1674, 1676). A unique example in Russian diplomatic practice of the age, these recordings expanded the ideas of the anatomical aspects of the funeral ritual, its public character, the use of state symbols, military paraphernalia, music, etc. Many of the things listed by the resident were used later in the Western-style funerals of Peter the Great’s associate Franz Lefort, in the “sad ceremonies” as a whole of the eighteenth and partly nineteenth centuries. This Moscow diplomat’s information also complements sources, in particular, on some aspects of the action with the heart of King Michał. The thoroughness of fi xing all the procedures suggests that Tyapkin used some ready-made sources of information, which really existed. Tyapkin’s reports, which were abundant in details, anticipated many innovations of Peter I and his followers, showed that Peter’s reforms of the funeral ritual could have a Polish-Lithuanian source.

Violent Origins of Authoritarian Variation: Rebellion Type and Regime Type in Cold War Southeast Asia

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Slater
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
The State ◽  
Regime Type ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Authoritarian Rule ◽  
Historical Case ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Military

AbstractDictatorships are every bit as institutionally diverse as democracies, but where does this variation come from? This article argues that different types of internal rebellion influence the emergence of different types of authoritarian regimes. The critical question is whether rebel forces primarily seek to seize state power or to escape it. Regional rebellions seeking toescapethe state raise the probability of a military-dominated authoritarian regime, since they are especially likely to unify the military while heightening friction between civilian and military elites. Leftist rebellions seeking toseizethe state are more likely to give rise to civilian-dominated dictatorships by inspiring ‘joint projects’ in which military elites willingly support party-led authoritarian rule. Historical case studies of Burma, Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam illustrate the theory, elaborating how different types of violent conflict helped produce different types of dictatorships across the breadth of mainland and island Southeast Asia during the Cold War era.

Role and Place of Great Britain in the Iraqi State Establishment and the Kurdish Problem Solution (1918-1941)

2020 ◽  
pp. 25 (80)-35 (88)
Author(s):  
Anna Igorevna Filimonova ◽  
Natalya Nikolaevna Sulyaeva
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Problem Solution ◽  
Oil Reserves ◽  
Hands On ◽  
National Question ◽  
Kurdish Issue ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
External Forces ◽  
The Military

The article reveals the problem of the Middle East in general and in particular that of the Persian Gulf and Iraq. The abundant oil reserves and advantageous geographical location motivated Great Britain to initiate the military, diplomatic, and political intervention into the Kurdish issue. The authors display it was London that laid the “time bomb” by initially supporting and subsequently rejecting the idea of an autonomous/independent Kurdistan establishment. Since then, the Kurdish national question has become a manipulation object and tool for external forces. The information in the article can be useful in preparing for lectures and hands-on in International Relations, Political Science. English version of the article is available on pp. 80-88 at URL: https://panor.ru/articles/role-and-place-of-great-britain-in-the-iraqi-state-establishment-and-the-kurdish-problem-solution-1918-1941/66561.html

Italian Wars, 1494–1559

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Military History ◽  
Roman Emperor ◽  
Charles V ◽  
Art Of War ◽  
Kingdom Of Naples ◽  
Italian Wars ◽  
Francis I ◽  
Official Records ◽  
War Art

According to the Florentine historian Francesco Guicciardini, Italy enjoyed peace and plenty in the years around 1490. From 1494 it was plunged into what he and others regarded as a series of “calamities,” triggered by the French kings Charles VIII (r. 1483–1498) and Louis XII (r. 1498–1515), who claimed to rule the kingdom of Naples and the duchy of Milan, respectively. Francis I (r. 1515–1547) retained the claim to Milan, and the wars themselves continued through the reign of Henry II (r. 1547–1559). Rule over Naples was contested and secured by Ferdinand II of Aragon (r. 1479–1516) and maintained by his Iberian successors. Milan was an imperial fief, so was contested by Ferdinand’s grandson Charles V in his capacity as Holy Roman emperor (r. 1519–1556). The conflicts waged in Italy in the names of these various princes between 1494 and 1559 are collectively known as the Italian Wars. They include the War of the League of Cambrai (1508–1516), that of the League of Cognac (1526–1530), and the War of Siena (1552–1559). This article approaches the wars by means of Reference Works and Overviews specifically devoted to the Italian Wars, though it is also worth teasing information from histories of Renaissance Warfare. Contemporary Sources provide innumerable angles on a subject that can be difficult to define beyond events on the battlefield or the besieged city and are therefore subdivided into four types: Memoirs and Chronicles, Histories, Official Records, and cultural evidence, the last of which appears under the heading Art of War, Art and War. Some publications deal with individual episodes or short spans of time and therefore feature in a Chronology of War, itself subdivided at the death of Louis XII/accession of Francis I, 1494–1515 and 1515–1559. The biographical genre—Lives and Times—is the most obvious way of dealing with the leading protagonists, who tended to be Princes, but group studies are also relevant when one turns to Subjects and Citizens who contributed to the conflicts in some form or other. Some authors have confined their research to military history, including the recruitment of soldiers, their pay, and provisions, as well as their activities on the battlefield, but the Italian Wars witnessed so much overlap between the lives of Soldiers and Civilians that they are brought together in the penultimate section of the article, which then concludes with the miscellanies that are Collections of Papers.

Introduction: The Reformed Augustinians of Lower Germany

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Christman
Keyword(s):  
Martin Luther ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Roman Emperor ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Charles V ◽  
Personal Connections ◽  
Key Events

The burnings of the Reformed Augustinian friars Hendrik Vos and Johann van den Esschen in Brussels on 1 July 1523 were the first executions of the Protestant Reformation. This chapter challenges the notion that they were peripheral to the key events of the early Reformation. Personal connections and frequent interactions existed between the Reformed Augustinians in the Low Countries (=Lower Germany) and those in Wittenberg, where Martin Luther was a member; the individuals responsible for the executions were intimates of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, and Popes Leo X and Adrian VI. An awareness of these connections raises questions about the importance of this event in the early Reformation and about how that movement functioned in its earliest stages.

The Military Orders and the Reformation: Choices, State Building, and the Weight of Tradition

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1238
Author(s):  
Gary W. Jenkins ◽  
Johannes A. Mol ◽  
Klaus Militzer ◽  
Helen J. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
State Building ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Military Orders ◽  
The Military

The Reformation and the Establishment of Lutheranism in the Holy Roman Empire

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Whaley
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
General Population ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Holy Roman Empire ◽  
The Political ◽  
Charles V ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Political Structures ◽  
The Church

Martin Luther was a subject of the Elector of Saxony in the Holy Roman Empire. His emergence as a reformer was made possible by the sponsorship he received in Wittenberg. He owed his survival to the protection afforded him by the Elector when Emperor Charles V outlawed him and ordered that the papal ban of excommunication be enforced in the empire. The audience to which Luther appealed was the general population of German Christians, both lay and ecclesiastical, who wanted a reform of the church and the reduction of the pope’s influence over it. That his appeal resonated so widely and so profoundly had much to do with a combination of crises that had developed in the empire from the 15th century. That his reform proposals resulted in the formation of a new church owed everything to the political structures of the empire. These facilitated the suppression of radical challenges to Luther’s position. They also thwarted every effort Charles V made over several decades to ensure that the empire remained Catholic. Lutheranism became entwined with the idea of German liberty; as a result, its survival was secured in the constitution of the empire, first in 1555 and then in 1648.

Islam in Politics: The Case of Turkey

1979 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
İlkay Sunar ◽  
Binnaz Toprak
Keyword(s):  
Party Politics ◽  
The State ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Islamic Revolution ◽  
Authoritarian Rule ◽  
Democratic Breakdown ◽  
Street Politics ◽  
Islamic Politics ◽  
National Salvation ◽  
The Military

ONCE IRAN HAD CALLED FOR AN ISLAMIC REVOLUTION, THERE was speculation that the message might elicit a similar response elsewhere in the Islamic world. In fact, soon after the events in Iran, a group of foreign journalists arrived in Turkey and rumour had it that they had come to report on the Islamic revolt expected in Turkey as well. The expected, however, did not take place: instead, had the journalists stayed on, what they would have witnessed was the breakdown of democraci, and the installation of authoritarian rule by the staunchest de enders of secularism, the Turkish military. Islamic politics had been instrumental in exacerbating the democratic crisis, and hence the military takeover was partially directed against the Islamic politics of the National Salvation Party (NSP) and the street politics of radical Islamic groups. Islamic politics was strong enough to figure in the equation of democratic breakdown, but far too weak to detonate an Islamic revolution.The purpose of this essay is to look into the nature of Islamic politics in Turkey in terms of its past ventures in society, its recent involvement in party politics and its prospects for the future. Our fundamental assumption is that the specific characteristics of Islamic politics in Turkey are closely bound up with the state-dominant nature of Turkish political culture and society. More specifically, we attempt to show that changes in the nature of Islamic politics and movements, their organization, aims and strategies, have been in large part shaped by the changing structure and ideology of the state and the centralist elites.

scholarly journals Exploring Malaysia Military Warehouse Practice

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 4638-4643
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Time Management ◽  
Focus Group Interview ◽  
Group Interview ◽  
Warehouse Management ◽  
Inaccurate Data ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Set Up ◽  
External Forces ◽  
The Military

The Department of Defense has a very large and complex distribution for its supply system. To store all their goods, they need to set up a very good and organized warehouse for every army unit from different places. The establishment of a Military warehouse is solely to support the military need which contradicting the commercial warehouse which profit is the motivation to maintain competitiveness. As such, there is limited innovation in this operation that leads to inaccurate data recording, loss items, and real-time management. This study aims to investigate the process of military warehouse management and identify the gap for the future improvement of military warehouse management. A framework has been developed to illustrate the model of efficient military warehouse management. A qualitative study was adopted using a focus-group interview to investigate the subject research. A focus group interview is appropriate due to the nature of the research that expletory by nature. The study revealed that budget constraint has led to the lack of innovation that affects the efficiency of military warehouse management. A framework of military warehouse management was developed to provide an insight on internal and external forces that contribute to the new style of management in managing the military warehouses.

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