The Prehistory of Innovations in The Russian Funeral Ceremony (Vasily M. Tyapkin at the Burial of Jan II Kazimierz and Michał Wiśniowiecki)

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
Arseniy Bogatyrev
Keyword(s):  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Roman Emperor ◽  
Funeral Ritual ◽  
Charles V ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
Public Character ◽  
Funeral Ceremony

There is an opinion that the fi rst detailed description of certain aspects of the Western (royal) funeral rite appeared in Russia along with a description of the funeral procession in 1558-1559 of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Much more information contain reports of the Russian diplomat Vasily M. Tyapkin, who visited the burial of Kings Jan II Kazimierz and Michał Wiśniowiecki in Rzeczpospolita (1674, 1676). A unique example in Russian diplomatic practice of the age, these recordings expanded the ideas of the anatomical aspects of the funeral ritual, its public character, the use of state symbols, military paraphernalia, music, etc. Many of the things listed by the resident were used later in the Western-style funerals of Peter the Great’s associate Franz Lefort, in the “sad ceremonies” as a whole of the eighteenth and partly nineteenth centuries. This Moscow diplomat’s information also complements sources, in particular, on some aspects of the action with the heart of King Michał. The thoroughness of fi xing all the procedures suggests that Tyapkin used some ready-made sources of information, which really existed. Tyapkin’s reports, which were abundant in details, anticipated many innovations of Peter I and his followers, showed that Peter’s reforms of the funeral ritual could have a Polish-Lithuanian source.

scholarly journals Funeral Folklore-Ethnographic Complex as a Ritual Text (On Example of the Local Erzya-Mordovian Tradition of Siberian Existence)

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-219
Author(s):  
N. V. Leonova ◽  
P. S. Shakhov
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Models ◽  
Analytical Description ◽  
Large Array ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Funeral Ritual ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ritual Text ◽  
Oral Stories

Within the framework of popular Orthodoxy in the 20 th century, there were and still exist types of funeral and memorial practices, in which Church and folksy elements are fused. The analytical description of the funerary folklore-ethnographic complex proposed in the article is based on field records in the Erzya-Mordovian villages of the Zalesovsky district of the Altai territory in the period from 2008 to 2017. The characteristic of the local ritual tradition is presented based on the analysis of a large array of oral stories of participants of the ritual. These oral sources are evidence that allows get an idea about the opinions of informants, carriers of the tradition about death, sin, moral norms and ritual rules, about the general principles of the funeral rite, its structure, and the actional, personal, spatial, temporal, subject, verbal and musical components of the complex. As a result of the research, the authors come to the conclusion that the local funeral ritual can be considered as a single multi-layered text, in which different types of cultural models are organically combined and interact: archaic folk and Christian, oral and written.

About One Detail of the Funeral Rite of Ancient Qabala

2021 ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Jeyhun T. Eminli
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
The Body ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Specific Detail ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
Ceramic Vessels ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Funeral Ceremony ◽  
Grave Goods

This article is devoted to the consideration and interpretation of a peculiar detail of the funeral rite observed at the cemeteries of ancient period in the historical region of Qabala - the capital of Caucasian Albania. Attention is focused on ceramic vessels with intentionally made holes, which were revealed in the burials among the grave goods. The vessels with holes were found in the ground burials of Uzuntala and Gushlar cemeteries of the 1st century BCE – 1st century CE, along with skeletons in a contracted position on their sides; as well as in the catacomb burial of Salbir, dating to the I-III centuries CE. In burials nos. 3–7 of Uzuntala, vessels of this type had holes in the center of their bases, and were placed upside down in the grave. In the catacomb burial of Salbir, 1st – 3rd centuries CE, two vases of the same type had large holes on the side of the body. The specific detail of the funeral rite, which is of a particular nature, has been episodically traced in the territory of Azerbaijan since the Bronze Age and continued to exist until the Late Antique period. It allows us to talk of the existence of a ritual that was carried out during the funeral ceremony and reflected some religious ideas associated with the funeral ideology. The authors of the paper suppose that these vessels should, according to prevailing beliefs, symbolize the “exodus of the soul” of the deceased and have no connection with the custom of damage to the inventory.

Italian Wars, 1494–1559

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Military History ◽  
Roman Emperor ◽  
Charles V ◽  
Art Of War ◽  
Kingdom Of Naples ◽  
Italian Wars ◽  
Francis I ◽  
Official Records ◽  
War Art

According to the Florentine historian Francesco Guicciardini, Italy enjoyed peace and plenty in the years around 1490. From 1494 it was plunged into what he and others regarded as a series of “calamities,” triggered by the French kings Charles VIII (r. 1483–1498) and Louis XII (r. 1498–1515), who claimed to rule the kingdom of Naples and the duchy of Milan, respectively. Francis I (r. 1515–1547) retained the claim to Milan, and the wars themselves continued through the reign of Henry II (r. 1547–1559). Rule over Naples was contested and secured by Ferdinand II of Aragon (r. 1479–1516) and maintained by his Iberian successors. Milan was an imperial fief, so was contested by Ferdinand’s grandson Charles V in his capacity as Holy Roman emperor (r. 1519–1556). The conflicts waged in Italy in the names of these various princes between 1494 and 1559 are collectively known as the Italian Wars. They include the War of the League of Cambrai (1508–1516), that of the League of Cognac (1526–1530), and the War of Siena (1552–1559). This article approaches the wars by means of Reference Works and Overviews specifically devoted to the Italian Wars, though it is also worth teasing information from histories of Renaissance Warfare. Contemporary Sources provide innumerable angles on a subject that can be difficult to define beyond events on the battlefield or the besieged city and are therefore subdivided into four types: Memoirs and Chronicles, Histories, Official Records, and cultural evidence, the last of which appears under the heading Art of War, Art and War. Some publications deal with individual episodes or short spans of time and therefore feature in a Chronology of War, itself subdivided at the death of Louis XII/accession of Francis I, 1494–1515 and 1515–1559. The biographical genre—Lives and Times—is the most obvious way of dealing with the leading protagonists, who tended to be Princes, but group studies are also relevant when one turns to Subjects and Citizens who contributed to the conflicts in some form or other. Some authors have confined their research to military history, including the recruitment of soldiers, their pay, and provisions, as well as their activities on the battlefield, but the Italian Wars witnessed so much overlap between the lives of Soldiers and Civilians that they are brought together in the penultimate section of the article, which then concludes with the miscellanies that are Collections of Papers.

Introduction: The Reformed Augustinians of Lower Germany

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Christman
Keyword(s):  
Martin Luther ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Roman Emperor ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Charles V ◽  
Personal Connections ◽  
Key Events

The burnings of the Reformed Augustinian friars Hendrik Vos and Johann van den Esschen in Brussels on 1 July 1523 were the first executions of the Protestant Reformation. This chapter challenges the notion that they were peripheral to the key events of the early Reformation. Personal connections and frequent interactions existed between the Reformed Augustinians in the Low Countries (=Lower Germany) and those in Wittenberg, where Martin Luther was a member; the individuals responsible for the executions were intimates of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, and Popes Leo X and Adrian VI. An awareness of these connections raises questions about the importance of this event in the early Reformation and about how that movement functioned in its earliest stages.

scholarly journals Wild Resources in the Economy of Bronze and Early Iron Ages Between Oder and Bug Rivers – Source Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-210
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Ślusarska
Keyword(s):  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
Animal Remains ◽  
Animal Bone ◽  
Wild Resources ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract The archaeological discussion still appears to largely disregard the role of natural resources in the early agricultural economy of Central Europe. Cereal cultivation and animal husbandry strategies remain a central area of studies. Wild resources are the only proxy data helping to reconstruct the strategies mentioned above. The data for the assessment of the wild resource role in consumption strategies are scarce. Plant and animal remains preserved within the archaeological sites represent one of the very few sources of information. The dominant funeral rite – cremation – leaves no opportunity for insight into the human bones’ diet composition signatures. This study’s primary goal is to gather in one place all information concerning wild resource food use based on archaeological data, which is scattered through various publications. The study’s time scope corresponds to Lusatian, post-Lusatian (Pomeranian Face Urn Culture), and contemporary cultures (Western Baltic Kurgans Culture). It covers roughly the time span 1400–400 BC, which is the late Bronze and early Iron Ages. Only data from a homogenous settlement context was included within the presented review. Although the reviewed literature methodology does not always meet the modern standard, it still offers insight into broader plant and animal food use in the past. The animal bone analysis is usually based on hand-collected bone material or sifted soil samples. Malacological materials come from sampled features. Some clam mussels were also identified among the bone materials submitted for zooarchaeological analysis. All plant materials come from sampled features undergoing soil analysis.

scholarly journals Spanish Exemplary Rulership? Antonio de Guevara’s Relox de Príncipes (1529) in English (1557) and Dutch (1578) Translation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Waasdorp
Keyword(s):  
Roman Emperor ◽  
Charles V ◽  
Marcus Aurelius ◽  
National Attitudes ◽  
Sense Of Justice

The mirror-for-princes Relox de príncipes (1529) by Antonio de Guevara (1481-1545) compared Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain Charles V (1500-1558) to the celebrated stoic Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius, with the two being equal in wisdom, sense of justice and clemency, and exemplary rulership. Thereafter, royal and higher-class Spaniards fashioned themselves as contemporary Aurelii, making the book a symbol of the superiority of Spaniards and Spain. However, countries where the Relox was read in translation had more nuanced or negative perspectives on Spaniards. This chapter delves into how proto-national attitudes towards Spaniards are decisive for the English (1557) and Dutch (1578) translations of the Relox, fashioning Aurelius as an exemplar for their own non-Spanish rulers and negotiating Hispanophilic and Hispanophobic Spanish representations.

scholarly journals Collision of Royal Law and local fueros in the process of the Spanish state formation in XVI century on the example of the Antonio Perez case

2018 ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
Elena Kalínina
Keyword(s):  
State Formation ◽  
The State ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
The Political ◽  
Roman Emperor ◽  
Concrete Case ◽  
Philip Ii ◽  
Charles V ◽  
The Law ◽  
Legal Processes

In this article, the Author uses the concrete case of Antonio Perez, the ex-secretary of the king Philip II of Spain, to demonstrate the course of the Spanish state formation and the integration of the Law and State with its problems and contradictions. The object of this study is to research the mentioned process in theory and in reality, because they are different. In theory, the process of the State formation comes to its end in the epoch of the Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella governing. Later, in the epoch of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Spain was the Empire yet. However, in the epoch of Philip II the unity and integrity of the new sate are in danger, because the case of Antonio Peres demonstrates that customary law as fueros, privileges and time-honoured traditions are able to survive the political and legal processes.

scholarly journals The power of marvellous objects

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Ciulisová
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Roman Emperor ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
Charles V ◽  
King Of France ◽  
Precious Stones ◽  
Louis Ix

Abstract This paper explores the interest of Charles IV of Luxembourg (1316–1378), King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor, in collecting gemstones, which has hitherto been little studied. It analyses this interest in connection with the fourteenth-century French royal court, and especially with the collecting activities of Charles V of Valois (1338–1380), King of France. Both of these sovereigns had an interest in ancient gems and they used them in the same manner; their practices prove to have been inspired by the reinvented traditions of the saintly Capetian monarch Louis IX, King of France, and of the ancient Roman Empire. This study shows how Charles of Luxembourg and Charles of Valois sought out and used precious and semi-precious stones as instruments of their royal self-images and claims to power.

Christian burials with vessels in Moscow State: to the status of the issue

2021 ◽  
pp. 179-190
Author(s):  
Konstantin I. Panchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Surrounding Area ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Funeral Ritual ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
The Status ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Burial Rite

The article considers Christian burials with vessels of the late 14th – mid-17th centuries. During this period, burial vessels became an important part of the funeral rite of Muscovy. The volume of material sufficient for statistical processing made it possible to reveal the most characteristic features of the funeral ritual with a vessel in the grave. The following signs were selected for study: areas where such burials occur, persons who were buried this way the locations in which a vessel was placed in the grave. Archaeological evidence has confirmed the emergence of this burial tradition primarily in Moscow and the surrounding area. This burial rite was more common in monasteries and elite necropolises. Vessel was not a required object. They are more often found in male burials than in female ones. The results of the study indicate that in performing the funeral ritual people tried to adhere to a certain single tradition while clear canonical rules were lacking. Thus, it was the priest conducting the ceremony who decided whom with and where to place a vessel in the grave.

Tapestry as Tainted Medium: Charles V’s Conquest of Tunis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Houghteling
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
North African ◽  
Roman Emperor ◽  
Charles V ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of

In 1546, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V commissioned a tapestry series to commemorate his successful 1535 campaign against Sultan Suleiman I’s Ottoman forces in the North African trading city of Tunis. The Conquest of Tunis tapestries have been regarded as a metaphorical statement of Charles V’s role as the defender of Christendom against Ottoman encroachment. However, the history of their production undercuts any simplistic formulation of his empire, with the metal for threads arriving from the New World and silks procured from forcibly converted Muslim artisans in Granada. The seeming clarity of the tapestries’ meaning obscures the heterogeneity of Charles’s empire, as well as the tension, and potential for perceived contamination, between the materials and the iconography of the tapestry medium.

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